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A civil engineer turned writer, the girl of 22 set off the journey to freelance content creating since 2019. The impact she could make in people's lives acted as the fuel and the journey still continues in high spirits. This young thrashing blood offers 100% conversion guaranteed contents to your business. Throw brickbats or bouquets and of course, your writing requirements to anaswara.r.s.cet@gmail.com
Railway Engineering, TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

Components of Railway Track- Full Functions of All Components

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Components of railway track are rail section, sleepers, ballast, rail fastenings and subgrade and embankments. I will walk you through each of them in detail. You will get to learn about the functions of rails, functions of sleepers, functions of ballast and about fastening of railway.

Railway tracks are complex systems comprised of various components that work together to ensure safe and efficient train travel. Understanding the components of a rail track is crucial for maintaining and optimizing railway infrastructure. Rail track components include the rails, sleepers (ties), ballast, and fastening systems, each playing a vital role. Rails provide the pathway for trains, sleepers support the rails, ballast maintains track stability, and fastening systems secure everything in place. This introduction explores the essential railway components, highlighting their functions and importance in the overall track structure. Familiarity with these elements is key to effective railway management and maintenance.

Without any due, let’s jump right on to it.

  1. Rail sections- Important among all components of railway track
    1. Function of rails
  2. Sleepers (Ties): Supporting the Rails
    1. Functions of sleepers
  3. Fastening in Railway-Rigid member of components of railway track
    1. Functions of Fastening in Railway
  4. Ballast
    1. Functions of ballast
  5. Subgrade and embankment- last member of components of railway track
  6. Switches and Crossings: Enabling Train Movement
  7. Rail Joints: Connecting the Rails
  8. Railway Track Drainage Systems
  9. Track Bed: Ensuring Even Load Distribution
  10. Rail Pads and Under Sleeper Pads: Reducing Vibrations
  11. Expansion Joints: Handling Temperature Variations
  12. Railway Electrification Systems: Powering the Trains
  13. Key Takeaways
  14. Conclusion

Rail sections- Important among all components of railway track

The rail provide a hard, smooth and unchanging surface for the passage of heavy moving loads. Rails are made of high carbon steel to withstand wear and tear. Flat footed rails are mostly used in railway track. I will tell you the major functions of rails now.

Rails are key components of a rail track. Made of high-quality steel, they form the primary pathway for trains.

Function of rails

  • Rails provide a continuous and level surface for the movement of the trains with minimum friction with steel wheels of the rolling stock
  • Rails provide strength, durability and lateral guidance to the track
  • Rails transmit the axle load to sleepers, which transfer the same load to the underlying ballast and formation
  • Rails bear the stresses developed due to heavy vertical loads, breaking forces and temperature variance.
  • In the railway components section, the function of rails is to enhance efficiency and longevity. Properly maintained rails improve the overall performance of the rail track system.

So, that’s it about the rail sections and the important functions of rails. Let’s move on to the second member in the list of components of railway track.

Sleepers (Ties): Supporting the Rails

Sleepers, also known as ties, are vital components of a rail track.The support which keeps the rails apart at required distance, supports the rail and distribute the load to the ballast are called as sleepers. Sleepers are of different materials such as wood, steel, cast_iron, RCC and Prestressed concrete

These rail track components play a crucial role in absorbing vibrations and maintaining track geometry. As essential railway components, sleepers ensure the safe and efficient operation of trains. Proper maintenance of sleepers is key to extending the lifespan of the entire track system and enhancing overall performance.

Time to peep into the major functions of sleepers.

Functions of sleepers

The important functions of sleepers are,

  • To hold the rails to proper gauge in all situations. That is, exact gauge along straights and flat curves, slightly loose on sharp curves and slightly tight in diamond crossings.
  • To support the rails firmly and evenly throughout
  • To distribute the load transmitted through rails over large area of ballast underneath or to the bridge girders.
  • To hold the rails to proper level in turnouts and crossovers, and at 1 in 20 in ward slope along straight tracks
  • To provide an elastic medium between the rails and ballast and also to absorb the vibrations caused due to moving axle loads
  • To maintain proper alignment of the track. On curves proper cant is provided by raising the outer rail and tamping the required quantity of ballast below the rails
  • To provide the general stability of the permanent way throughout
  • To provide the insulation of track for the electrified for signaling
  • To provide easy replacement of the rail fastenings without any serious traffic disturbances

So, you grasped the knowledge on the functions of sleepers and a bit of information about sleepers. Now, I’m going to introduce you another member of components of railway track. Guess who? Rail fastenings (Ya, as I rightly written below).

Fastening in Railway-Rigid member of components of railway track

rail fastening systems
Fastening systems are essential components of a rail track, crucial for keeping the track intact.

Fastening systems are essential components of a rail track, crucial for keeping the track intact. These rail track components secure the rails to the sleepers, ensuring stability and alignment. They include clips, bolts, and screws, which hold the rails firmly in place, preventing movement and reducing vibrations. As vital railway components, fastening systems help maintain the correct gauge and improve the overall safety and performance of the track. Properly functioning fastening systems are key to the longevity and reliability of rail infrastructure, ensuring trains run smoothly and efficiently.

Fastening in railway is used to connect the rails and sleepers together in their proper positions. The fixtures and fastening used in track fittings are,

  • Fish plates
  • Spike
  • Bolts
  • Chairs
  • Blocks
  • Keys
  • Plates

Cool. I will close the chapter of rail fastenings by throwing some light to the functions of rail fastenings.

Functions of Fastening in Railway

Fastening in railway has the following functions.

  • Join the rails end to end to form full length of track
  • To fix the rails to sleepers
  • To maintain the correct alignment of the track
  • To provide proper expansion gap between rails
  • To maintain the required tilt of rails
  • To set the points and crossings in proper position

So, that topic too is over. Next we are going to study about ballast, functions of ballast in particular.

Ballast

Ballast is the broken stone placed or packed below the sleepers to transmit load from sleeper to the formation and at the same time allowing drainage of the track. Ballast is a key component of a rail track, providing the foundation of stability. These crushed stones support the sleepers, facilitating drainage and load distribution. As essential rail track components, ballast maintains track alignment and reduces vibrations. Its function ensures the overall durability and performance of the railway infrastructure.

Ballast - component of railway tract

To better understand about them, let’s have a look at the main functions of ballast.

Functions of ballast

The major functions of ballast are,

  • To provide firm and level bed for the sleepers to rest on
  • To allow for maintaining correct track level without disturbing the rail road bed
  • To drain off the water quickly and to keep the sleepers in dry conditions
  • To discourage the growth of vegetation
  • To protect the surface of formation and to form an elastic bed
  • To hold the sleepers in position during the passage of trains
  • To transmit and distribute the loads from the sleepers to the formation
  • To provide lateral stability to the track as a whole

Almost at the end of the journey. I will give you a snippet of information about the last member of components of railway track.

Subgrade and embankment- last member of components of railway track

Subgrade is the normally occurring ground which when prepared to receive the blast and track is called formation. Subgrade and formation are crucial components of a rail track, forming the groundwork for the entire structure. These rail track components provide a stable foundation, support the ballast, and ensure proper drainage. Their function is to distribute loads evenly and maintain track alignment, essential for railway infrastructure’s durability and performance.

In a permanent way, rails are joined either by welding or by using fish plates and are fixed with sleepers by using different types of fastenings. Sleepers are properly placed and packed with ballast. Ballast is placed on the prepared subgrade called formation. So, that’s where the importance of subgrade is.

Switches and Crossings: Enabling Train Movement

Switches and crossings are critical components of a rail track, facilitating train direction changes and track intersections. These rail track components ensure smooth transitions and safe passage. Their function is vital in managing train traffic, enhancing the efficiency and flexibility of the railway network.

Rail Joints: Connecting the Rails

Rail joints are essential components of a rail track, connecting individual rail sections. These rail track components ensure continuous rail alignment and stability. Their function is to accommodate rail expansion and contraction, reducing stress and maintaining the integrity of the railway infrastructure.

Railway Track Drainage Systems

Railway track drainage systems are vital components of a rail track, managing water flow and preventing track damage. These rail track components ensure proper drainage, protecting the subgrade and ballast. Their function is crucial for maintaining track stability and prolonging the life of railway components.

Track Bed: Ensuring Even Load Distribution

The track bed is a fundamental component of a rail track, ensuring even load distribution. Comprised of ballast and sub-ballast layers, these rail track components provide support and stability. Their function is to maintain track geometry and absorb stresses from train movements, enhancing overall performance.

Rail Pads and Under Sleeper Pads: Reducing Vibrations

Rail pads and under sleeper pads are essential components of a rail track, designed to reduce vibrations. These rail track components fit between the rails and sleepers, cushioning impacts. Their function is to protect the track structure, improve ride comfort, and extend the lifespan of railway components.

Expansion Joints: Handling Temperature Variations

Expansion joints are critical components of a rail track, allowing for temperature-induced rail expansion and contraction. These rail track components prevent rail buckling and gaps. Their function is to maintain track integrity and ensure safe, continuous train operations under varying temperature conditions.

Railway Electrification Systems: Powering the Trains

Railway electrification systems are vital components of a rail track, providing electrical power to trains. These rail track components include overhead wires and third rails. Their function is to ensure efficient and reliable train operations, reducing reliance on fossil fuels and enhancing overall railway performance.

Railway Electrification systems
Railway compnent – Electrification

So, the article was an introduction to the different components of railway track. We will figure out more in the upcoming article.

Key Takeaways

Understanding the components of a rail track is crucial for maintaining and optimizing railway infrastructure. The main components of a rail track include rails, sleepers, ballast, fastening systems, subgrade, and embankments. Each component has a specific function: rails provide a smooth path for trains, sleepers support and distribute loads, ballast ensures stability and drainage, fastening systems secure rails, and subgrade forms the groundwork. Additional components like switches, crossings, rail joints, drainage systems, track beds, rail pads, expansion joints, and electrification systems enhance the efficiency, safety, and durability of railway tracks. Proper maintenance and knowledge of these railway components are essential for effective rail management.

Conclusion

Railway tracks are intricate systems composed of various components that work in unison to ensure safe and efficient train travel. From the rails and sleepers to the ballast and fastening systems, each element plays a vital role in the track’s overall performance. Understanding the functions of these rail track components helps in maintaining the integrity and longevity of railway infrastructure. Additional components like switches, crossings, drainage systems, and electrification systems further enhance the railway network’s efficiency and reliability. Familiarity with these components of rail tracks is essential for anyone involved in railway management, ensuring optimal operation and safety. Share your thoughts and experiences in the comments below!

MUST READ: Intelligent transportation system: A comprehensive approach to its components

Roads, TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

Alignment of road: Factors affecting- obligatory points with figures

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Alignment of road is very important during the road construction (for exams and interviews too). We will sweep through what is highway alignment and then the requirements of highway alignment. Followed by that, I will walk you through factors affecting alignment of road. Then, I will describe obligatory points in depth with figures. In nutshell, l am going to make you savvy in the topic.

What is highway alignment?

The position or layout of center line of the highway on the ground is called alignment of road. It includes straight paths, horizontal deviation and curves. Improper alignment would result in one or more of the following disadvantages.

  1. Increase in construction cost
  2. Increase in maintenance cost
  3. Increase in vehicle operation cost
  4. Increase in accident rate

Once the road is aligned and constructed, it is not easy to change the alignment due to increase in cost of adjoining land and construction of costly structures. Therefore, let’s take a trip through the important topics under highway alignment. Let’s start from requirements of highway alignment.

Basic requirements of highway alignment

Figure shows highway alignment
Highway alignment

There are 4 basic requirements for the alignment of road.

  1. Short– Length will be short means, it is straight, reduces the time of travel
  2. Easy– Easy to construct and maintain the road with minimum problems and easy for operation of vehicles.
  3. Safe– The alignment should be safe enough for construction and maintenance from the viewpoint of stability of natural hill slopes, embankment and cut slopes etc. also it should be safe for traffic operations.
  4. Economical– Total cost including initial maintenance and vehicle operation cost should be minimum

Now, you know the requirements of highway alignment. Let’s dig in deep through the factors affecting alignment of road.

Factors affecting alignment of road

For an alignment to be shortest, it should be straight. This is not always possible due to practical difficulties such as intermediate obstructions and topography. The ideal condition rarely exist and it becomes necessary to adjust the highway alignment as per prevailing conditions.

The various factors affecting alignment of road are,

Obligatory points

The controlling points which govern the highway alignment are known as obligatory points. They are mainly responsible for the deviation of highway from its straight location.

For the purpose of convenience the obligatory points are divided into two.

  1. Obligatory points which are to be accommodated on alignment of road
  2. Obligatory Points which are to be avoided on alignment of road

The figure below shows the deviated alignment adopted due to river. The actual road was supposed to be through road PQ. But the suitable bridge site is not available along the road alignment because of peculiar characteristics of river or stream.

Obligatory points which are to be accommodated on alignment of road

There are various examples for first category, bridge site, intermediate town, mountain pass etc.

As shown in figure below, the proposed road has to pass through intermediate important towns, villages, or places of historical importance. Here, the straight result PQ will take the shape of PRSQ to put the points R and on the alignment. If points R and S are not much significance, the straight line PQ may be adopted with link roads RA and SB.

Obligatory points which are to be avoided on alignment of road

It includes religious places very costly structures, unsuitable land etc. Acquiring costly structures would mean heavy compensation resulting in increased cost. Marshy and waterlogged are generally unsuitable.

However if there is no alternative and the alignment has to be taken across such an area, the construction and maintenance costs are likely to be very high due to special construction technique.

That’s it about the first factor. Let’s look into other important factors affecting alignment

Also read: Classification of roads-5 types of roads full details

Type of vehicular traffic- a determining factor for alignment of road

The alignment should be provided according to the type of vehicular traffic. In case of fast moving traffic, the road alignment should be as straight as possible.

Geometric  design factors- an important factor for alignment of road

Geometric design factors such as gradient, radius of curve, sight distance etc. would govern the final alignment of highway

Availability of road building materials

The materials for construction of road are a determining factor. Their availability should be ensured while planning on the highway alignment.

Geological factors

The highway alignment should be made in such a way that no serious difficulties are met from geological factors of the locality such as stability of earth work, land slides etc.

Class and purpose

National highway and State highways between two stations should be aligned as straight as possible where as in the case of other types of roads, deviation may be permitted.

Earthwork

To avoid excessive cutting or filling, the alignment should be economical.

Public demand

The selected alignment of the road should meet the public demand of the area.

Conclusion

Highway alignment is crucial in road construction, directly impacting construction and maintenance costs, vehicle operation costs, and safety. Proper alignment ensures shorter travel distances, ease of construction and maintenance, safety, and cost-effectiveness. Factors such as obligatory points, vehicle type, geometric design, material availability, geological conditions, and public demand influence alignment decisions. Obligatory points, both to be accommodated and avoided, significantly affect the deviation from a straight path. Alignments must adapt to intermediate towns, bridge sites, and avoid costly structures or unsuitable land. Meeting these requirements ensures a functional, safe, and economical highway, underscoring the importance of careful planning and consideration of various influencing factors.

Roads, TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

Road margins- 6 types of road margin in highway

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Road margins is an inevitable topic everyone should know who are into transportation engineering. We will see the different types of road margins, the details about the right of way on road and the formation width of road as per irc in the blog. I will also walk you through shoulder of the road being an important road margin.

  1. What are road margins?
  2. Road margin types
    1. Shoulder of the road-important among road margins
      1. The main objectives of the shoulder of the road
    2. Parking lanes
    3. Bus bays
    4. Cycle track
    5. Footpath
    6. Guard rails
  3. Formation width of road as per irc
  4. Right of way on road
    1. Key Takeaways of Road Margins
  5. Conclusion

What are road margins?

The portion of the road beyond the carriageway and on the roadway can be generally called road margins. Different elements of road margins are shoulder, parking lanes, bus bays, cycle track, footpath and guard rails. Let’s get into each one of them and learn in detail.

Road margins are essential components of highway design, serving various functions to enhance safety and efficiency. They include areas adjacent to the roadway such as shoulders, sidewalks, footpaths, road verges, berms, and medians. These elements provide space for emergency stops, pedestrian pathways, drainage control, and separation of traffic lanes. Properly designed road margins contribute to the overall functionality and safety of highways, accommodating diverse users and environmental conditions.

Road margin types

Road margins are essential components of highway design, enhancing safety and functionality. Here are the main types:

  • Shoulder of the road
  • Parking lane
  • Bus bays
  • Cycle track
  • Footpath
  • Guardrails

We’ll cover each type one by one to provide a comprehensive understanding.

Shoulder of the road-important among road margins

A shoulder is an emergency stopping lane by the verge of a road or motorway, on the right side in countries which drive on the right, and on the left side in countries which drive on the left. Shoulder of the road is provided along the road edge.

The shoulder of the road is a crucial element among road margins, providing a safety buffer for vehicles to stop during emergencies. It offers additional space for cyclists and pedestrians, enhancing overall road safety. Shoulders also support the structural integrity of the pavement and facilitate drainage, preventing water accumulation on the roadway. Regular maintenance of shoulders ensures they remain effective, contributing to the smooth operation and longevity of the road infrastructure.

Also read: Bitumen for road- Grade and properties of bitumen

The main objectives of the shoulder of the road

The main objectives of shoulders are,

  • The accommodation of stopped vehicles
  • They serve as an emergency lane for vehicle
  • Shoulders of the road provide lateral support for base and surface courses

A shoulder of the road should be strong enough to bear the weight of fully loaded truck even wet conditions. The shoulder width should be adequate for giving working space around a stopped vehicle. It is desirable to have a width of 4.6m for the shoulders. Minimum width of 2.5m is recommended for 2 lanes rural highway in India.

That’s it about shoulder of the road. Next, let’s see about parking lanes.

Parking lanes

Parking lanes are designated areas adjacent to roadways where vehicles can be parked temporarily or for extended periods. Parking lanes are provided in urban lanes for side parking. Parallel parking is preferred because it is safe for side parking. Parking lanes should have minimum of 3m width in the case of parallel parking.

They help manage traffic flow by keeping parked cars off the main travel lanes, thus reducing congestion. Properly marked and managed parking lanes enhance road safety, improve access to businesses and residences, and provide organized parking solutions in urban areas.

Bus bays

A bus bay, otherwise called bus turnout, bus pullout, off-line bus stop is a designated spot on the side of a road where buses may pull out of the flow of traffic to pick up and drop off passengers. It is often indented into the sidewalk or other pedestrian area. They are provided so that they don’t obstruct the movement of vehicles in the carriageway. But at the cost of the time necessary to merge back into flowing traffic.

Bus bay - Component of Road Margins
Bus bays of road margins

Cycle track

A Cycle_track, otherwise called separated bike lane or protected bike lane is an exclusive bikeway that has elements of a separated path and on-road bike lane. They are provided in urban areas when the volume of cycle traffic is high. Minimum width of 2m is required.

Footpath

A footpath is a type of thoroughfare that is intended for use only by pedestrians and not other forms of traffic such as motorized vehicles, cycles, and horses. They can be found in a wide variety of places, from the center of cities, to farmland, to mountain ridges. Urban footpaths are usually paved, may have steps, and can be called alleys, lanes, steps, etc. Footpaths are for pedestrians, especially in urban areas. Minimum width should be 1.5m.

Footpath - Road Margin
Footpath – Road Margin

Also read: Applications of Intelligent transportation system- everything you want to know

Guard rails

They are provided at the shoulder of the road. Various designs of guard rails are there. Guard rails painted in alternate black and white are usually used. They also give better visibility of curves at night.

Guard rails are safety barriers installed along roadways to prevent vehicles from veering off the road or into hazardous areas. They absorb impact and redirect vehicles, reducing the risk of severe accidents and enhancing overall road safety.

So, we have seen the main road margins. Its time to look into some terms related to them.

Formation width of road as per irc

Formation width of road as per irc (The Indian Road Congress) or roadway width is the sum of width of pavement or carriageway including separators and shoulder of the road.

According to the Indian Road Congress (IRC) standards, the formation width of a road refers to the total width required to accommodate the roadway and its components. It includes the width of the pavement or carriageway, which is the portion of the road where vehicles travel, and the shoulders, which are adjacent strips of land providing safety and support.

Additionally, formation width encompasses separators or medians, which are central areas separating opposing traffic flows to prevent collisions and manage traffic effectively. This comprehensive width ensures that the road can safely handle the intended traffic volume and type, provides space for emergency stops, and supports drainage and other road infrastructure. The design of the formation width takes into account factors such as traffic volume, road classification, and safety considerations, ensuring that roads are both functional and safe for users. Width of formation for various class of roads (IRC) are:-

Formation width of roads
Formation width of roads

Right of way on road

Right of way on road otherwise called land width is the width of land acquired for the road, along its alignment. It should be adequate to accommodate all the cross-sectional elements and may reasonably provide for future development. To prevent ribbon development along the highways, control lines and building lines may be provided.

Also read: Intelligent transportation system: A comprehensive approach to its components

The figure below shows the right of way on road for different type of roads.

Right of way - Road Margin
Right of way

Got every detail about road margins and related terms? Let me know your doubts and feedbacks in the comments.

Key Takeaways of Road Margins

  • Road Margins: Essential components of highway design that enhance safety and functionality.
  • Shoulders: Provide emergency stopping space, structural support, and aid in drainage.
  • Parking Lanes: Manage traffic flow by keeping parked vehicles off main lanes, enhancing road safety.
  • Bus Bays: Allow buses to pick up and drop off passengers without obstructing traffic flow.
  • Cycle Tracks: Dedicated paths for cyclists, improving safety and accommodating high cycle traffic.
  • Footpaths: Designated pathways for pedestrians, ensuring safe movement in urban areas.
  • Guard Rails: Safety barriers that prevent vehicles from veering off the road and reduce the risk of severe accidents.
  • Formation Width: Total width of the road including pavement, shoulders, and separators, as per IRC standards.
  • Right of Way: Width of land acquired for the road, ensuring adequate space for road elements and future development.

Conclusion

In transportation engineering, road margins play a crucial role in enhancing road safety and functionality. They encompass shoulders, parking lanes, bus bays, cycle tracks, footpaths, and guard rails, each serving specific purposes. Shoulders are essential for emergency stops and structural support, while parking lanes and bus bays improve traffic flow and safety. Cycle tracks and footpaths ensure safe pathways for non-motorized users, and guard rails prevent vehicles from veering off the road. Properly designed road margins contribute significantly to the overall efficiency and safety of highways. A thorough understanding of these elements is essential for developing effective road infrastructure that meets diverse needs and environmental conditions.

MUST READ: Classification of roads-5 types of roads full details

Happy learning!

Roads, TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

Classification of roads- 6 types of roads

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Classification of roads or Types of road is an important topic in transportation engineering. It varies with different parameters. Let’s go through the important types of roads every civil engineer should know. We will see important details about cement concrete roads and types of road surface through the course of journey.

Road classification is fundamental for effective infrastructure planning and management. It involves the categorization of roads into specific categories of roads to ensure optimal functionality and connectivity. Understanding classified roads helps in addressing different transportation needs and designing suitable solutions. This blog will delve into road classification, exploring the various ways roads are categorized based on their use and characteristics. We will specifically highlight what are 6 types of roads, including National highways, Highways, District roads , village roads, each playing a crucial role in maintaining an efficient and well-organized transportation network.

  1. Classification of roads or Road types
    1. Classification based on type of road surface
      1. Natural earth roads – Main road types
      2. Gravel roads
      3. Kankar roads
      4. Moorum roads
      5. Water bound macadam roads (WBM roads)
      6. Bituminous roads
        1. Applications of bituminous roads
      7. Cement concrete roads types – Most durable classification of road
        1. Main applications of cement concrete roads
    2. Classification of roads according to location and function
      1. National highways- top member in classification of roads according to location
      2. Highways
      3. District roads
      4. Village roads
    3. Classification of roads based on number of lanes
    4. Types of roads depending on weather
    5. Types of roads based on Road pavement type
    6. Types of roads according to the volume of traffic they handle
  2. Key Takeaways – Road Classifications
  3. Conclusion

Classification of roads or Road types

Road classification is essential for understanding the diverse categories of roads. There are six basic types of roads based on various factors, including surface type, location and function, number of lanes, weather conditions, pavement type, and traffic volume.

There are 6 basic types of roads depending on a mouthful of factors.

  • Types of roads based on type of road surface
  • Types of roads based on location and function
  • Types of roads based on number of lanes
  • Types of roads based on weather
  • Types of roads based on the type of road pavement  
  • Types of roads based on volume of traffic they handle  

We are going to sneak peep into types of roads in detail.

Classification based on type of road surface

This category in the types of roads is based on the type of road surface used in the construction. Classification based on type of road surface is a key aspect of road classification. This involves understanding classified roads by their construction materials and surface characteristics. By exploring these categories of roads, we can determine their durability, maintenance needs, and suitability for various conditions.

These can be divided into 7 types.

classification of roads
Classification or road types

Now, let’s go deep into each of this.

Natural earth roads – Main road types

Classification of Roads : Natural Earth Roads
The figure shows natural earth roads

These are the cheapest type of road and is used at the places where traffic is rare. The type of road surface used in these roads is soil. The pavement structure is totally made up of soil available at site. The performance of these roads mainly depend upon the effective maintenance and proper drainage.

Gravel roads

These are intermediate between earthen and metalled roads. The carriage way of these roads is made by compacting a mixture of gravel and earth. These type of road surface usually consists of 26 percent sand, 13 percent clay and 61 percent gravel.

Kankar roads

The type of road surface used in this classification of roads is Kankar. Kankar is impure form of limestone. Hard variety of kankar may be as strong as stones, but soft variety may be very weak. The road having pavement layer of kankar are termed as kankar roads. Traffic capacity of this type of road depends on the type of kankar used.

Moorum roads

In this type of roads, Moorum is the material used for building the road. Moorum is obtained due to disintegration of igneous rocks by weathering agencies. In this road, the surfacing of the traffic way is constructed from Moorum. These type of roads are low and is equivalent to gravel and Kankar road in performance.

Water bound macadam roads (WBM roads)

The broken stones of base and surface course, if any are bound by the stone dust in presence of moisture is called WBM rods. Total thickness may vary from 7.5 to 30cm depending upon the traffic.

Bituminous roads

Most of the roads around the world are constructed by using bitumen. It is also called flexible pavement because it changes according to nature of loads and sub base. This is an important member in the types of roads in India. For the road construction, the major concerns, as with concrete, are cost and durability.

Applications of bituminous roads

Bituminous roads, a vital category of roads, are known for their durability and smooth surface. This classified road type is widely used due to its ability to withstand heavy traffic and diverse weather conditions. In road classification, bituminous roads are favored for highways, arterial roads, and urban streets, providing a comfortable and safe driving experience. They are also commonly used for airport runways and parking lots. When exploring what are 6 types of roads, bituminous roads stand out for their cost-effectiveness and ease of maintenance, making them a preferred choice in various transportation infrastructures. The application of bituminous road is mainly used in

  • Highways
  • Express ways
  • Runways

Now, let’s meet cement concrete roads.

Cement concrete roads types – Most durable classification of road

Cement concrete roads are the roads whose wearing surface is constructed with cement concrete. They are otherwise called concrete roads. They can be constructed either reinforced or plane type. Cement concrete roads are compatible to all weather conditions. It comes under rigid pavements. These are best suitable to roads having higher traffic.

Main applications of cement concrete roads
  • Parking aprons, taxiways and runway take off areas in airports
  • Parking grounds for vehicles of heavy weight
  • Heavy duty Industrial floors (vehicles on tracks and military tanks)
  • Floors for handling and storage of containers at ports
  • Industrial floors with high requirements in terms of flatness and durability to abrasion and surface exposure to aggressive attacks (use of toxic materials, welding etc)
  • Bridge decks
  • Road pavements in long tunnels for fire safety reasons, immediate reuse of the road following a fire and better energy consumption during service life (lower intensity lighting required)
  • Pavements at toll stations (resistance to braking and acceleration)

Now, let’s move on to the next classification of roads.

Related posts from vincivilworld

Classification of roads according to location and function

Classification of roads according to location and function is a key aspect of road classification, organizing roads into specific categories of roads. This classified road type includes national highways, highways, district roads, and village roads. National highways connect major cities and regions, while highways link significant urban and rural areas. District roads serve local connectivity, and village roads provide access to smaller communities.

Roads can be classified according to the location and function as follows.

Classification of Roads - High Altitude Roads
The figure shows roads in high altitude areas
  • National highways
  • Highways
  • District roads
  • Village roads

Going deep to each of them,

National highways- top member in classification of roads according to location

Main highway runs through the length and breadth of the country. Roads connecting the neighbouring country. are also called national highways. Roads connecting the neighbouring countries are also called national highways. It should have high class surface finishing together with adequate structural strength.

Highways

These are the main roads within a state. These connect important towns and cities of the state. Highways should be two lane wide, but if it is one lane only, it must be provided with wide shoulder.

District roads

These roads should carry the traffic to the interior rural areas. These roads are considered as main branches from NH or SHs. District roads are of 2 types. Major district roads and other district roads.

Village roads

These roads are mainly meant for village roads use. These connect villages with each other and also with nearby towns. These roads can be stabilised each roads, but if metal surface is provided it can serve more useful purpose.

Moving on to the third classification…

Classification of roads based on number of lanes

You might have observed this type of classification while you travelled.
There are mainly 4 types as given below.

  • Single lane road- having only one lane for to and for mobility.
  • Double lane road- having two lanes for direction to opposite sides
  • Three lane road- having three lanes for movement in a road
  • Multi lane road- having more than three lanes for vehicle movement.

The decision on which of the above lanes is to be chosen is based on the traffic.

The next classification of roads is based on the geographic location of the roads.

Types of roads depending on weather

These are of 2 types.

  1. All weather roads- Roads which are compatible to all weather conditions. Types of roads in India should mostly belong to this type. Because the weather conditions are extreme.
Classification of roads based on weather
Classification of road based on weather

2. Fair weather roads- Roads which are not compatible to worse weather conditions.

Next is an interesting classification based on the geometry of roads.

Types of roads based on Road pavement type

  • Parallel roads- These are local roads running parallel to a higher-speed, limited-access road
  • Unparallel roads- These are local roads that don’t run parallel to a higher speed and limited access road. The village roads that connect small geographical places best fit for this classification other than other types of roads in India.

Cool. Let’s jump into the last classification of a road.

Types of roads according to the volume of traffic they handle

Roads can be classified depending on the traffic through it.

  • Light traffic road- Road carrying up to 400 veh/ day
  • Medium traffic road- 400- 1000 veh/day
  • Heavy traffic road- More than 1000 veh/day

That’s it. Any doubts or comments? Drop it in the comments. Let’s dwell on more.

MUST READ: Traffic signals in India- All types simplified

Key Takeaways – Road Classifications

  1. Surface Types: Roads are categorized by surface type, including natural earth, gravel, kankar, moorum, water-bound macadam (WBM), bituminous, and cement concrete roads.
  2. Location and Function: Roads are classified by their function, such as national highways, highways, district roads, and village roads, each serving specific connectivity needs.
  3. Lane Number: Classification includes single-lane, double-lane, three-lane, and multi-lane roads, based on traffic volume and requirements.
  4. Weather Compatibility: Roads are categorized into all-weather and fair-weather types, based on their ability to handle different weather conditions.
  5. Pavement Type: Roads are also classified by pavement type, including parallel and unparallel roads.
  6. Traffic Volume: Roads handle varying traffic volumes, categorized into light, medium, and heavy traffic roads.

Conclusion

Road classification is vital for infrastructure planning and management, addressing diverse transportation needs. Understanding road types based on surface materials, functional roles, lane numbers, weather conditions, pavement types, and traffic volumes ensures optimal road design and maintenance. By categorizing roads appropriately, civil engineers can enhance connectivity, safety, and efficiency in transportation networks, catering to both urban and rural needs. This structured approach aids in strategic development, maintenance, and resource allocation, ultimately supporting effective and sustainable transportation systems.

Intelligent transportation system

Applications of Intelligent transportation system- everything you want to know

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We have seen the basic details about intelligent transportation system in the previous blog . If you haven’t gone through the blog, please go there and gather the knowledge before you begin here. I will take you for a trip starting from the major applications of intelligent transportation system, then to the disadvantages of intelligent transportation system. Later we will take a stroll through the intelligent transportation examples.

All set? Then let us start with why intelligent transportation system is a buzz word.

  1. Need for intelligent transportation systems
  2. Applications of intelligent transportation system
    1. 1.Electronic ticket machines
    2. 2. MCV
    3. 3. Autofare system- ancient among applications of intelligent transportation system
    4. 4. Radio system
    5. 5. Wayfarer ATM
    6. 6. Readers
    7. 7. Smartcards- one of the recent applications of intelligent transportation system
    8. 8. AVLC
    9. 8. Real time passenger information- One of the revolutionary applications of intelligent transportation system
    10. 9. CCTV
  3. Disadvantages of intelligent transportation system
  4. Intelligent transportation system examples

Need for intelligent transportation systems

The picture talks faster than words, right? Look at the figure below which explains why ITS is an oxygen mask in the present traffic conditions.

need for ITS is shown
NEED FOR ITS

From the figure, we can reach at the following conclusions.

  • The transportation system framework is highly complex
  • It is composed of a wide range of infrastructures, such as terminal facilities, travel ways, transportation fleets, and information systems
  • Transport should be open and accessible, extensive and ubiquitous, effective and adaptable
  • Critical transportation infrastructure has great importance for the national economy, security and functioning of the state
  • It is essential for:
  1. national priority
  2. providing basic services
  3. their reliability and availability
  4. ensuring trade flows
  5. supports economic growth

Now, we are going to jump on to the interesting topic related to the intelligent transport system.

Applications of intelligent transportation system

A person in car using tracking feature in screen
Tracking feature in screen

The important applications of intelligent transportation system are broken down in this section. Starting from the familiar electronic ticket machines,

1.Electronic ticket machines

  • Replacement of conventional ticket sytem by electronic ticket machines.
  • ETM acts as the focal point for peripheral devices (e.g. card readers) with which it can communicate
  • The ETM has two distinct aspects, which provided the twin platforms of operational/data generating devices, and back-office/data analysis systems :
  1. Cash receipts and sales management
  2. Data generation, understanding of the business

2. MCV

These are one of the interesting applications of intelligent transportation system.

  • These MCVs were connected to the ETMs by the RS485 network
  • Received initiation and reference data from the ETMs
  • Passed their transaction data back to the ETMs for storage and subsequent transfer to the company’s data systems

3. Autofare system- ancient among applications of intelligent transportation system

  • The Autofare system was implemented in 1995
  • Drivers no longer handled any cash or gave change
  • Customers purchasing a ticket on board placed sufficient cash in the autofare device
  • The driver issued a ticket from the ETM for the requested fare
  • If the cash tendered exceeds the fare, a supplementary receipt is also printed from the ETM for the difference
  • When the tickets are issued, the cash drops into a safe beneath.
  • While the autofare achieved is the primary function, it had multiple issues:
  1. Very high back-office burden – removal of safes every day, handling the safes, transfer of safes and money, safe management and reconciliation
  2. Cash reconciliation and accountability, since multiple drivers may be assigned to a bus during the day, and hence associated with the takings in the individual safe
  3. Limited integration with the ETM

4. Radio system

  • Implemented a Trunked Radio System, broadly similar to mobile phone.
  • This gives call privacy, the dispatcher controls the radio exchanges, calls the drivers individually,
  • The drivers cannot directly initiate calls but must request to speak and await the dispatcher contacting them
  • Group calls can also be made
  • An emergency facility is available which overrides and allows the driver to communicate directly.

5. Wayfarer ATM

The main characteristics are:

  • It replicates the functions of the old ETM system, with which everyone was familiar
  • The entire fares and routes tables can be held by the ETMs, due to greater memory capacity
  • It supports the Integrated Ticketing System – i.e. the ticketing requirements of the scheme supported by the Department of Transport (this was obligatory on Dublin Bus)
  • Wireless communications are used for data downloads
  • this removes the previous requirement for portable data modules which each driver had to bring to the depot for download at the end of his/her shift
  • Wireless communication is also used for uploading information and data updates
  • Used for uploading software upgrades, removing the previous requirement to physically change the (E)EPROMs in each ETM every time software was amended

6. Readers

  • A reader in the cash office downloads the data when the safe is being emptied and the cash counted
  • It automatically knows which bus the safe has come from, and which drivers were associated with it for that day.
  • A permanent identified of the vehicle is embedded in the ETM tray (permanent fixture on the vehicle)
  • This is transferred to the ETM and from the ETM to any other device that needs it.
  • It means that whenever ETMs are switched they automatically pick up the vehicle number, and in turn are automatically assigned within the system.

7. Smartcards- one of the recent applications of intelligent transportation system

  • Smart Cards were implemented in 2008
  •  Smart Card readers are installed on the buses (one per bus) in parallel with the MCVs
  • The SCRs are another device on the ETM-hosted RS485 network.

8. AVLC

  • The AVLC was implemented from 2009
  • This involves real-time tracking of vehicles
  • Buses are polled on a 20 second cycle
  • The location data is based on GPS and Odometer
  • The Odometer provides the primary means of location, with the GPS supplementing it
  • Seems that they left the option open in the tender process, and this was what the market proposed

The AVLC has the following features:

  • Real-time tracking
  • More efficient route control regime
  • Facilitates a centralized control room
  • Generates comprehensive reports and statistics
  • Provides/supports RTPI
  • Support traffic signal priority

The AVLC kit consists of the following equipment: 

  • Bus radio
  • Driver’s console
  • GPS unit
  • On-board computer
  • Wireless LAN router
Figure shows AVL kit
AVL KIT

8. Real time passenger information- One of the revolutionary applications of intelligent transportation system

Real-time passenger information can process real-time information (forecast arrival times) about the travel information to the passengers.

9. CCTV

It has a network of 140 CCTVs providing excellent coverage of most of the key junctions and streets, and most potential disruptions points for the Dublin Bus network. It is very useful in difficult or disrupted circumstances. 

That was a hell lot of information, right? Relax now. We have reached at the shore of the wide of ITS. The main disadvantages of intelligent transportation system are as follows.

Disadvantages of intelligent transportation system

We have seen some impressive applications of ITS. But who is perfect? Let’s see the important disadvantages of intelligent transportation system below.

  • Difficult to use in mixed traffic
  • Preliminary difficulties in understanding
  • Equipments of ITS is costly
  • High maintenance cost
  • The control system software could be hacked by hackers
  • Can’t make quick response to emergency or congestion due to sudden accident
  • Not dedicated for traffic data collection

What do you think about the disadvantages of intelligent transportation system? Worth giving attention, right? Let’s wrap up with some intelligent transportation system examples to add cherry on the top of the ITS cake.

Intelligent transportation system examples

The figure shows the intelligent transportation system examples which comes under each category.

Figure shows ITS examples with categories

So, we are done. Now, Tech-savvy, tell me your feedbacks and doubts in the comments.

Enjoy reading!

MUST READ: Basic of civil engineering; Simple and in-depth guide

civil engineering, Final year civil engineering

Final year Civil Engineering Projects Topic – 100 sample topics.

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Final year Civil engineering project are the tipping point of your college activities. While you prepare yourself to bid goodbye to your college, this is like a nagging friend. Well, not really. It is the last chance to exercise your skills in civil engineering and practice what you learnt in the textbooks. You will come across all the details on final-year civil engineering projects as well as final-year civil engineering project topics in the blog.

  1. Importance of final year civil engineering project topics
  2. Things to consider before you start doing final year civil engineering project topics
    1. a) Selection of project topics for Civil engineering project
    2. b) Picking the right team for project topics for Civil engineering project
    3. c) Approaching a guide for the project
  3. 100 Civil engineering project topics for you
    1. Structural- one of the favourite civil engineering project topics of design enthusiasts           
    2. Building Construction – Topics for Civil engineering project
    3. Environmental – Best of all civil engineering project topics of nature lovers            
    4. Transportation engineering – Topics for Civil engineering project
    5. Geotechnical    
    6. Hydraulics   

Importance of final year civil engineering project topics

This experimental stage is crucial for your career because,

  • They open the window to your interest after graduation
  • You get to participate in a team and improve your leadership skills
  • You can improve your presentation skills
  • You will get guidance from a faculty who has expertise in the field which enables individual attention.
  • The hands-on experience gives you more confidence in the field

Things to consider before you start doing final year civil engineering project topics

Final year civil engineering projects
Final year civil engineering projects

a) Selection of project topics for Civil engineering project

  • The topic should be of your interest
  • It should be accomplished within the academic schedule
  • The topic should be relevant in the current scenario or contribute complementary or supplementary data to engineering research and development
  • The resources related to the selected Civil engineering subject should be available to you

b) Picking the right team for project topics for Civil engineering project

You should be keen while choosing your teammates. First of all, they should have similar interests as you and should be able to fill in the gaps where you are weak.

c) Approaching a guide for the project

The guide for your final year civil engineering projects should be able to provide you with the required guidance for completing the project. And supportive too (why allow backstabbing?). You may ask the guide’s previous team about their experience with them.

So, the first baby milestone is taken care of. Now, let me introduce the major topics for the final year project in civil engineering.

100 Civil engineering project topics for you

Final year civil engineering projects
Final year civil engineering projects

I have categorized the civil engineering project topics based on the branch of civil engineering to which they belong. For any details regarding the listed topics for Civil engineering project please mail me

vincivilworld@gmail.com

Structural- one of the favourite civil engineering project topics of design enthusiasts           

  • The use of fibres in Reducing Crack widths of Reinforced Cement Concrete Beams with higher covers to reinforcement
  • Utilization of steel slag in sustainable concrete
  • Economic Construction of Slabs using Bubble Deck Technology
  • Master Plan of Medical College and structural design of the Main block
  • Study of CO2 absorbing concrete
  • Analysis and design of balanced cantilever liver
  • Development of sustainable particle boards from water hyacinth and pineapple leaf pulps
  • Structural analysis of a building
  • Manufacturing of concrete by adding fibre as reinforced material
  • Evaluation of strain and crack width in beams using photogrammetric methods

Building Construction – Topics for Civil engineering project

  • Analysis for seismic retrofitting of buildings
  • Silica fume concrete
  • Structural analysis of a building with Autodesk robot structural analysis professional
  • Building Information Modelling
  • Causes Prevention and Repair of Cracks In Building
  • Corrosion Mechanism, Prevention & Repair Measures of RCC Structure
  • Formwork types & design
  • Mineral admixture for high-performance concrete
  • Impact of lightening on building and remedial measures
  • Passive solar energy buildings
  • Rectification of building tilt
  • Rehabilitation techniques
  • Retrofitting using FRP laminates
  • Stability of high-rise buildings.
  • The rain roof water-harvesting system
  • Zero energy buildings
  • Non-destructive testing of concrete (UPV)
  • Applicability of Sandwich Panels made of Papercrete for low-cost housing
  • Glass fibre Reinforced Gypsum hollow interlocking blocks
  • Coastal protection at your locality: Design, Analysis and Investigation
  • Design for the aerated concrete mix using bentonite and zeolite: an eco-friendly approach
  • Design of pigmented bituminous mix
  • Effectiveness of retrofitting on beam with corroded bars using steel mesh
  • Semi-Automated Cement plastering Machine
  • Fibre Reinforced Light Weight Bricks (FRLWB)
  • Effect of steel slag as fine aggregate in ambient cured alkali-activated concrete
  • Study on swelling behaviour of marine clay using GGBS and lime
  • Effect of micropile on the foundation
  • Partial replacement of coarse aggregates by Mangalore tiles
  • production of pelletized artificial fly ash aggregates by polymerisation
  • Energy conservation and analysis of structures using bim
  • Partial replacement of coarse aggregate by recycled coarse aggregate and fine aggregate by crumb rubber in self-compacting concrete
  • Detecting and quantifying damages in bridges using vibration-based transmissibility function
  • Curvature characteristics of RCC beam using photogrammetry techniques
  • Gcl with filter material as an alternative barrier system in waste landfill
  • Experimental investigation on bio-concrete
  •  The fuzzy logic approach in construction delay analysis
  • Strength and durable properties of concrete using the oyster shell as partial replacement

Environmental – Best of all civil engineering project topics of nature lovers            

  • Performance Assessment of Constructed Wetland in Treatment of Wastewater
  • Green bricks for a sustainable future
  • Methods for water purification based on by principle of coagulation from dry seeds of fruits
  • Analysis of water ( Chlorine content, salt content) of regions near the beach and kayal
  • Plastic tiles
  • Bioplastic
  • Feasibility Study of Underground Water Diversion System at CIAL – A Flood Mitigation Method
  • Biotiles
  • Underground Flood Management System
  • Alternative Early Disaster Warning System
  • Sustainable Housing in Flood Prone Areas
  • Self-Closing Flood Barrier
  • Dairy Wastewater Treatment by CABR and Chitosan
  • Graphite detector for landslide
  • Design of water treatment plant for construction purposes near parvathi puthanar
  • Eco-friendly waste management system & vehicular exhaust filter vacuum blackboard duster
  • Amphibious housing scheme using waste plastic bottles for flood-affecting areas
  • Flood resistant house

Transportation engineering – Topics for Civil engineering project

  • Development of a dynamic real-time traffic control system
  • Performance evaluation of aged rubberised bitumen
  • The utilisation of crab shells in bituminous mixes
  • Analysis of pedestrian safety
  • Pervious concrete pavement
  • Combined Imaging technologies
  • Automated highway systems
  • Intelligent transport systems
  • Utilization of flood deposits in the sub-base layer of flexible pavement
  • Waste engine oil as a rejuvenating agent in RAP
  • Mix design of payments
  • Design of an Android Application for the development of an advanced public transit information system for KSRTC buses
  • Implementation of RCA as pavement material
  • Emergency Service Pathway
  • Assessment of methods to solve traffic congestion at the main junction
  • Comparison of different surface mixes for low-volume roads
  • Study of strength characteristic of paver blocks using plastic waste
  • An experimental study to find the deflection in pavement subgrade stabilized with phosphogypsum
  • Development Of A Low-Cost Mechanism For Pavement Performance Evaluation
  • Traffic Air Quality Modelling and Health Risk Assessment
  • Solar panelled roads
  • Emulsion-treated bases for flexible pavement

Geotechnical    

  • The effect of vetiver roots on erosion control in slopes
  • Geophysical Characterisation of the Pamba River Deposit and Possible Applications
  • Study on the effect of coir pith and activated carbon on lead-contaminated soil
  • Soilless media for agriculture
  • Pile foundation
  • Soil liquefaction
  • Soil stabilization using arikka fibre
  • Using plastic as a soil stabilizer
  • Fluoride removal in water using bio adsorbent
  • Water quality analysis of different rooftop water harvesting systems
  • Waste audit in Kanjirapally
  • Water purification in Kuttanad using natural filter media
  • Soil stabilization using bio enzymes
  • Wastewater treatment using natural adsorbents
  • Effect of nano-silica on piping behaviour of soil
  • Stabilization of Kari soil
  • Subgrade soil stabilization using biopolymers (agar powder)  
  • Implementation of Integrated Greywater Reuse System In Residential Buildings     
  • Land use land cover change detection using remote sensing and gis
  • Soil stabilization using waste materials
  • Effectiveness of permeable reactive barrier (PRB) for the treatment of leachate-contaminated groundwater
  • Investigating the potential of biopolymers in the strengthening clayey soil
  • Investigations on the Efficiency of Constructed Wetlands in Sewage Treatment
  • Solar-based water purification unit for Kuttanad region
  • Automated infiltrometer

Hydraulics   

  • Planning and Design of a Small Hydro Electric Project
  • Automation for control of water flow from the canal
  • Design of water supply pipelines using GIS and EPANET
  • Automated chemostat treatment for bio-polishing of refinery effluents
  • Household water treatment unit for rural communities
  • design of water treatment plant at your campus using vermifiltration
  • Modified hydram system
  • Decontaminating conduits

MUST READ: BE Civil engineering subjects semester-wise complete details!

I’m pretty sure that you will have a lot more doubts regarding your final year civil engineering projects that hover around your brain. Also, when you want more details on any of the above-mentioned civil engineering project topics, drop them in the comments!