Category Archives: architectural finishes

Architectural finishes in a holistic sense can refer to a variety of textures, , colours and materials and refers to hard and soft permanently fixed finishes such as plaster or render and other surface coatings, such as paint. Architectural finishes can be in form of  Vitrified tiles for flooring, ceramic tiles, False ceiling, textured paints, dry walls, facades, aluminium doors and windows, UPVC doors and windows, Epoxy painting, plastic emulsion, Plaster of Paries, natural stones like marble, granite etc

ACP sheets, architectural finishes

Aluminium Composite Panel || ACP sheets design

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Aluminium composite panel, also known as an ACP sheet, is a modern panelling material used for building exteriors (facades), interiors, kitchen cabinets, and signage applications.

Aluminium composite panels are flat panels having a non-aluminium core sandwiched between two thin coil-coated aluminium sheets. Aluminium Composite Panel is the most durable and flexible decorative surface material available, with enhanced performance attributes. This article discusses the production process, ACP sheet types, advantages, and applications.

  1. What is an Aluminium Composite panel or ACP sheets ?
  2. Types of Aluminium Composite Panels (ACP)
    1. Non fire rated Aluminium Composite Panel (ACP)
  3. Fire rated Aluminium Composite Panels
  4. Advantages of Aluminium Composite Panels
    1. Light weight
    2. Flexible
    3. Availability and colour choices
    4. Environmental friendly
    5. Dimensional stability
    6. Smooth and elegant
    7. Cost
    8. Weather resistant and Durable
  5. Applications of Aluminium Composite Panels
    1. External and internal architectural cladding/partitions
    2. Internal partitions
    3. Signage
    4. Interior work
  6. Conclusion

What is an Aluminium Composite panel or ACP sheets ?

Aluminum composite panels are made up of two thin layers of aluminium sheets sandwiched by a polymer core. ACP sheet’s polymer core is made of Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) or Polyurethane. These polymer cores are made of components that are flammable and not fire-resistant. Because aluminium has a low melting point, the Aluminium composite panel is more flammable when the combustible polymer core is present. The presence of a combustible polymer core limits the use of Aluminium composite panel in fire-prone areas.

To improve fire resistance, polymer cores should be specially treated or over 90% (Non-Combustible Mineral Fiber FR core) sandwiched between two layers of aluminium skins should be used. To preserve the ACP sheets, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), fluoropolymer resin (FEVE), polyester coating, and other materials are applied. The typical thicknesses of aluminium composite panel are 2 mm, 3 mm, 4 mm, and 6 mm.

Aluminium Composite Panels
Aluminium Composite Panels – Façade

Types of Aluminium Composite Panels (ACP)

Depending on the usage and fire rating standards ACP sheets are classified into two categories

  • Non fire rated grade
  • Fire rated grade

Non fire rated Aluminium Composite Panel (ACP)

Two thin layers of aluminium sheets plus a sandwiched polymer core make up aluminium composite panels. Aluminium Composite Panel’s polymer core is made of polyurethane or low-density polyethylene (LDPE). These Aluminium Composite Panels are not fire-rated since they are flammable and could catch fire. The use of these sheets is restricted based on the fire rating. The image below depicts a typical cross-section of an ACP sheet that is not fire-rated.

Non Fire rated or Standard Aluminium Composite Panel - Typical section
Non Fire rated or Standard Aluminium Composite Panel – Typical section

Fire rated Aluminium Composite Panels

Depending on the core composition, fire-rated Aluminium Composite panel can withstand fire for up to 2 hours. The core materials are the fundamental distinction between ACP sheets that are fire-rated and those that are standard. While the fire-rated ACP has a specially formulated fire-resistant mineral core, the standard ACP uses LDPE/HDPE as its core material. Fire resistant mineral core uses Magnesium hydroxide as core for enhanced fire retardant qualities. As the name suggests, Fire Grade Aluminium Composite Panels have the unique capability to withstand extreme temperatures. The highest grade ACP is fire retardant ACP (A2 GRADE), which contains over 90% inorganic material content.

Aluminium Composite Panel - Fire retardant grade
Aluminium Composite Panel – Fire retardant grade (Credits – Alstrong )

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Advantages of Aluminium Composite Panels

Aluminium Composite Panels are widely used nowadays because of their countless unique properties. Let’s highlight a few of its unique features that set it apart from other panelling materials.

Light weight

When compared to other building materials like steel, Aluminium Composite Panel is lightweight. This significantly reduces the design loads on the structure with big spans and vast areas involved. Lifting and erecting ACP sheets is simple. This, in turn, minimises labour and construction costs while maintaining the schedule.

Flexible

The ACP sheet is flexible and very simple to use. The installation process is quick and simple, and the fixing framework construction is uncomplicated.

Availability and colour choices

This composite panel has exceptional flexibility because to the vast range of finishes it supports. Aluminium composite board can be textured, solid, mirror, or wood type to meet any architectural concept. The colour and feel of real stone and wood are effectively replicated on aluminium.

Environmental friendly

ACP is an environmentally friendly material that is composed of 85% recycled aluminium. ACP’s cover sheets and core material are both recyclable.

Dimensional stability

Aluminium composite panels got high dimensional stability and the material can remain stable for a long period without changing the dimensions.

Smooth and elegant

The exteriors of buildings can have a pleasant and attractive appearance because to the smooth, elegant ACP surface.

Cost

ACP sheet is the most economical panelling option when compared with other panelling materials. The cost depends on the core materials. The fire grade materials are costlier than standard non fire rated ACP.

Weather resistant and Durable

ACP panels are UV resistant and chemical resistant. They are unbreakable stain-resistant, weather-resistant, termite resistant, moisture resistant, and anti-fungal.

Applications of Aluminium Composite Panels

ACP sheet is mainly used for a wide range of applications due to its extraordinary qualities. Major uses of the ACP sheet are as follows.

  • External and internal architectural cladding 
  • Internal partition
  • False ceilings
  • Signage
  • Machine coverings
  • Container construction

External and internal architectural cladding/partitions

For exterior cladding/façade applications, ACP sheets are used, thanks to their versatile qualities like UV resistance, fire resistance, and durability. ACP sheets come in a wide range of colours to match any architectural style. ACP sheet is the material of choice for facades and partitions because of its lightweight characteristics, simple fixing procedures, and quick construction.

Internal partitions

Aluminium Composite Panels in combination with aluminium, UPVC etc are used for office cabins and internal partitions. Partitions can be done with minimal space wastage.

Signage

ACP is used to render a wide variety of flexible exterior signs, as signage and hoardings are being used for exterior applications and must survive changes in temperature or weather

Interior work

ACP sheets are used for interior applications such as wall coverings, false ceilings, cupboards, portable kitchen cabinets, tabletops, column covers, and more.

Conclusion

ACP sheets are Green and environmentally friendly, easy to clean, and can shorten the construction period. ACP panels are resistant to corrosion, prevents acid and alkali, and other types of corrosion. Due to these versatile properties, ACP sheets are one of the popular choices in the construction sector.

architectural finishes, GFRC

Glass Fibre Reinforced Concrete- Fiberglass reinforced concrete Advantages

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Glass Fibre Reinforced Concrete or GFRC is made up of portland cement, fine aggregate, water, acrylic copolymer, alkali-resistant glass fibre, reinforcement, and additives. Glass fibre-reinforced concrete or GFRC is a type of fibre-reinforced concrete. The glass fibres used in Glass Fibre reinforcement concrete give this distinctive compound its strength. Alkali-resistant fibres serve as the primary tensile load-carrying member, while the polymer and concrete mix holds the fibres together. It assists in the transfer of load from one element to another.

These are mainly used in exterior building façade panels and as architectural precast concrete. Somewhat similar materials are fibre cement siding and cement boards. They consist of high-strength, alkali-resistant glass fibre embedded in a concrete matrix.

In this form, both fibres and matrix retain their physical and chemical identities, while offering a synergistic combination of properties that cannot be achieved with either of the components acting alone.

Let’s get into each of them now.

  1. Glass Fibre Reinforcement Concrete – Ingredients
    1. Cement
    2. Fine Aggregates
    3. Polymers
    4. Water
    5. Glass Fibre
    6. Other Admixtures
  2. Fibre Glass reinforced concrete – Casting Process
    1. Spray-Up
    2. Premix
    3. Hybrid method
  3. Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete Advantages
    1. Low weight and high strength of Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete
    2. Freedom of shape of Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete
    3. 3. Durability
    4. The appearance of Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete
    5. Environment
  4. Applications of Glass Fibre Reinforced Concrete
  5. Conclusions

Glass Fibre Reinforcement Concrete – Ingredients

The main ingredients used in Glass Fibre Reinforced Concrete are as follows

Related contents from vinciviworld

Cement

Fine Aggregates

  • The fine aggregates usually should be river sand.
  • The fine aggregates used passed through a 4.75mm sieve and had a specific gravity of 2.68. The fine aggregates belonged to Zone II according to IS 383. 2

Polymers

  • Acrylic polymer is typically preferred over EVA or SBR polymers for GFRC. Acrylic is non-retweetable, so once dry, it will not soften or dissolve, nor will it yellow from exposure to sunlight.
  • The solids content of most acrylic polymers used in GFRC ranges from 46% to over 50%.
  • Typically, the polymer dose is 4%- 7% solids by weight of cementitious material depending on the design.

Water

Ordinary tap water which is safe and potable for drinking and washing was used to produce the concrete

Glass Fibre

  • Glass fibre, also known as fibreglass is made from extremely fine fibres of glass.
  • It is a lightweight, extremely strong and robust material. Glass fibre, the most popular of the synthetics, is chemically inert, hydrophobic, and lightweight.
  • They are manufactured as continuous cylindrical monofilaments that can be cut to specific lengths or cut as films and tapes before being formed into fine fibrils with rectangular cross-sections. Glass fibres that can withstand alkalis are a crucial part of GFRC. When using the spray-up method of casting, your sprayer will automatically cut the fibres and add them to the mixture as you apply it. If you’re casting with a premix or a hybrid method, you’ll have to mix the fibres along with other ingredients.
  • Although fibre content varies, it usually ranges from 3% to 7% of the total cementitious weight. High fibre content increases strength but decreases workability. Unlike most concrete mix design ingredients, fibres in GFRC are not calculated as a percentage of dry cementitious weight. Instead, they are calculated as a percentage of total weight. As a result, calculating fibre load in GFRC mix designs becomes quite complicated. Glass fibre, when used at a rate of at least 0.1 per cent by volume of concrete, reduces plastic shrinkage cracking and subsidence cracking over steel reinforcement.

Other Admixtures

  • Other ingredients to consider include pozzolans (such as silica fume, metakaolin, or VCAS) and superplasticizers.

So, we dug deep into the inside of Glass fibre-reinforced concrete. Next, let me walk you through the advantages of GFRC.

Fibre Glass reinforced concrete – Casting Process

GFRC is typically cast using two methods ie: spray up and premix. Let’s take a quick look at both, as well as a less expensive hybrid option.

Spray-Up

The fluid concrete mixture is sprayed into the forms, similar to shotcrete. The process employs a specialised spray gun to apply the fluid concrete mixture while simultaneously cutting and spraying long glass fibres from a continuous spool. Spray-up produces very strong GFRC due to the high fibre load and long fibre length, but the equipment is very expensive.

Premix

Premix incorporates shorter fibres into the fluid concrete mixture before it is sprayed or poured into moulds. Spray guns for premix do not require a fibre chopper, but they can be very expensive. Premix has less strength than spray-up because the fibres are shorter and distributed more randomly throughout the mix. The cost and strength are comparatively lesser than the spray-up method.

Hybrid method

An inexpensive hopper gun can be used to apply the face coat while a handpicked or poured backer mix is used to create GFRC using a hybrid technique. A thin, fibre-free face (referred to as a mist coat or face coat) is sprayed into the moulds, and the backer mix is then packed in by hand or poured in, much like ordinary concrete. This is the method most concrete countertop manufacturers employ. This is an inexpensive way to get started. However, it is critical to carefully create both the face mix and the backer mix. This is to ensure similar consistency and makeup, as well as to know when to apply the backer coat. While doing so the backer coat can adhere properly to the thin mist coat without tearing it.

This method is comparatively inexpensive when compared to the r two methods. The face and backer mix are applied at different times ensure to have similar make-up of mixes to prevent curling

Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete Advantages

The main advantages are,

Glass fibre reinforced concrete
Glass fibre reinforced concrete

Low weight and high strength of Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete

  • Self-weight of structures decreases when Glass Fiber Reinforcement Concrete (GFRC) is used and demands on foundations are reduced.
  • GRC cladding is suitable even for very high-rise buildings and offers good performance under seismic loading.

Freedom of shape of Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete

  • GRC is easily moldable into a wide range of shapes, including intricate grilles, panels with a double curvature and 3-D objects.
  • The high freedom of shape permits the production of structurally very efficient elements.
  • Easily cast, it can produce items with very fine details and reproduce very complex features and elements of both modern and historic buildings.

3. Durability

  • Basic reinforcement is non-ferrous and the GRC products are not susceptible to corrosion as in traditional reinforced concrete.
  • Low permeability and a very slow rate of carbonation offer protection against the corrosion of steel in adjacent reinforced concrete.
  • GFRC has an inherently high resistance to extreme exposure conditions (freeze/thaw, fire etc.)

The appearance of Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete

  • An extremely wide range of attractive surface finishes is available.
  • It satisfies the highest requirements for an aesthetic appearance of new structures and is capable of matching the colour and texture of surfaces of existing buildings.
  • Durable and brightly coloured surfaces with enhanced self-cleaning can be achieved in a variety of textures and shapes.

Environment

  • The relatively low weight of GRC products reduces CO2 emissions associated with their transport.
  • There are no Volatile_organic_compounds or other pollutants emitted from the material itself, neither in production nor in use.
  • GRC is fully recyclable into concrete and other applications.
  • In addition, the photocatalytic E-GRC reduces directly and significantly the concentration of pollutants in the surrounding air, leading to a better quality of the environment.
  • This is good especially in congested urban centres and at a minimal additional cost.

Also read: 3 d Printing buildings |Concrete Printing & Contour Crafting Methods Full Guide

Now, how about a quick glance through the applications?

Applications of Glass Fibre Reinforced Concrete

Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete - Fascia
GFRC Building

Due to its versatility the range of GFRC is growing.

  • All the categories of buildings have been constructed using GFRC
  • Small, simple and unsophisticated items for everyday use are made using GFRC on a large-scale
  • Architects prefer GFRC to fulfil high structural complexity, size of construction elements, and freedom of shape to achieve spectacular appearance, durability and the highest quality
  • Positive environmental performance

That’s it. Time to sum up.

Conclusions

  • GFRC has a large scope of application and research and development is going on
  • It is a very versatile material and the freedom of shape makes it the number one choice by architects
  • Glass fibre reinforced concrete is used from small scale household products to large-scale buildings of structural complexity

So, how is our buddy GFRC? Let me know your thoughts in the comments.

Also read: Shotcrete – An overview| Shotcrete vs Gunite

Happy learning!

Indoor plants

Top 10 Indoor Plants and their Benefits – Must Read

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Nothing can add as much beauty and comfort to our homes and offices as the luxuriant blossoms and leaves of indoor plants. Bedrooms, toilets, kitchens, and cubicles, to name a few… There isn’t a room in the house that a houseplant can’t lighten up. Simply add light and water, and you’ve got yourself an interior garden in the making.

Indoor plants not only look good but also make you feel good. Bringing plants into your home is not just aesthetically pleasing, but provides significant health advantages as well! Numerous studies show that indoor plants make you healthier and happier, providing both psychological and physical health advantages.

Buckle up your shoes as we go on a trip meeting some amazing indoor plants and understanding their benefits. Let’s get started.

What are indoor plants?

Indoor Plants are those plants that are cultivated indoors, usually in spaces like homes and workplaces for decorative purposes. Tropical or semi-tropical epiphytes, succulents, and cacti are common indoor plants. They require the right amount of hydration, light, soil, temperature, and humidity. Most indoor plants will quickly perish if these criteria are not met. In addition, indoor plants require the proper fertiliser and pot size.

Also read: Hydroponics – Everything you should know

Benefits of Indoor Plant

Indoor plants have been shown in numerous studies to make you healthier and happier, providing psychological and physical health advantages such as:

  • Indoor plants help in lowering stress levels.
  • Aids in sharpening your attention.
  • Working with plants has therapeutic benefits.
  • Helps you recover from illness quickly.
  • Improve the indoor air quality.
  • Increases productivity and focus in the workplace.
  • Enhances pain tolerance and healing process.

Impact on Air Pollution

Indoor plants minimise volatile organic compounds (VOCs) like benzene, toluene, and xylene, as well as other pollutants in the air. The presence of indoor plants reduces these VOCs by 50-75%. Soil microbes are principally responsible for the removal of these chemicals.

Plants can generate and convert benzene, then convert it to carbon usage for future use, according to several tests of benzene purification by houseplants. It can help eliminate carbon dioxide from indoor spaces, which can lower our work performance. Plants appear to minimize airborne microorganisms while also increasing humidity.

Also read: What are air pollutants? | Types, sources and effects of air pollution

List of Indoor Plants

Here’s a list of the best indoor plants for every situation at your home:

  • Low Maintenance Indoor Plants: Marble Queen Pothos, Tillandsia Ionantha
  • Low Light Indoor Plants: ZZ Plant, Modern Bamboo
  • Indoor Plants For Small Spaces: Snake Plant, Peperomia Obtusifolia, Opuntia Microdasys
  • Indoor Plants For Pet Owners: Bird’s Nest Fern, Ponytail Palms, Pilea Peperomioides
  • Flowering Indoor Plants: Anthurium, Hoyas
  • Indoor Plants For Clean Air: Parlor Palm, Red Maranta Prayer Plant, Burgundy Rubber Tree Plant
Indoor plants
Indoor plants

Also read: Aeroponics – Process, Types, Advantages – Full Details

Best Indoor Plants having Low Maintenance

If you are someone who often forgets to water the plants or have less time to take care of them, here are some options for you:

Marble Queen Pothos

The Marble Queen Pothos is one of the easiest home plants to grow. With exquisite heart-shaped leaves and vines, they will rapidly fill your plant shelf with beauty. This low-maintenance species is good for novices or anyone who isn’t always careful with their plants. It can grow in low-light conditions and with less watering.

Bromeliad Summer

Air plants, such as Bromeliad Summer, have no roots and absorb nutrients through their leaves. This makes them a great choice for anyone who forgets to water their plants or doesn’t have time to deal with soil problems. These air plants are extremely easy to care for and require only indirect light and a monthly dip in the sink. Just make sure to dry them upside down to prevent the water from rotting the base.

Best Indoor Plants For Low Light

A wannabe plant parent living in a shady apartment? No worries, we have options for you as well.

ZZ Plant

Another good plant for beginners is the Zamioculcas zamiifolia, also known as the ZZ plant. It can resist a variety of adverse conditions, such as infrequent watering or dry air. They can also easily endure low-light conditions, which is very important for apartment residents or those who live in other shady areas. The ZZ plant is a joyful alternative for the kitchen or bathroom, and it looks great on its own or in a group with other plants.

Modern Bamboo

While many plants grown indoors require a lot of light to flourish, some plants like modern bamboo flourish well in dim light. The modern bamboo, which is a symbol of prosperity and good fortune, is easy to care for and thrives best in low-light settings. Its size makes it ideal for any tabletop or desk. As per Feng Shui principles it will bring great energy to the environment it resides in.

Best Indoor Plants For Small Spaces

Do you think that small apartments can’t offer the luxury of having an indoor garden? Not anymore after meeting these vertically growing plants.

Snake Plant

This cheerful succulent comes in a variety of colours and grows straight up, making it an excellent choice for those with little space. The narrow, upright leaves of this tropical plant have uneven banding that resembles snakeskin. Snake plants filter benzene, formaldehyde, trichloroethylene, xylene and toluene from interior air. Arrange a couple in various sizes near a bedroom window to add a touch of green to your sleeping place.

Indoor plant - snake plant
Indoor plant – snake plant

Best Indoor Plants For Pet Owners

Apprehensive about being a pet owner and plant parent at the same time? Check out these pet-friendly plants that are non-toxic to your pets.

Pilea peperomioides 

Pilea peperomioides is another non-toxic plant that is great for a pet-friendly home. It’s visually appealing and easy to care for. The leaf resembles miniature lily pads, and it doesn’t require a pond. The soil needs to dry completely between waterings, which in certain regions means watering once every few weeks. and, It self-propagates when properly cared for.

Calathea Orbifolia

Calatheas don’t prefer direct sunlight since it burns their leaves. This houseplant prefers partial shade, making it ideal for a plant stand or shelf in an area with limited natural light. A regular watering regimen, as well as keeping your plant in a room with temps between 60 and 80 degrees F, will keep it healthy and hydrated. It also likes a lot of humidity, so mist it frequently or put it near a humidifier.

pet friendly indoor plant
pet friendly indoor plant

Best Indoor Plants For Clean Air

If you wish to use your indoor garden as an air purifier, then these are the plants you should include.

Parlor Palm

The parlour palm is a tropical plant popular for its ability to remove benzene and trichloroethylene, two pollutants typically dispersed by furniture off-gassing. It’s also a low-maintenance plant, requiring just one to two weeks of watering. It grows in indirect to low light. It’s also pet-friendly, so you won’t have to keep it locked away from your furry friends.

Red Maranta Plant

The herringbone pattern on the Red Maranta prayer plant is distinctive, with touches of red throughout. This plant not only adds charm and natural beauty to one’s house, but it also has relaxing and air-purifying properties. This plant thrives in indirect light. It’s best to keep it out of direct sunlight, as the colour of its leaves may fade and possibly burn.

Bird’s Nest Fern

The fronds of the Bird’s Nest Fern have rippled edges and grow out of a nest-like crown. It makes a stunning interior hanging plant. Indirect light and a humid climate are ideal for them. Ferns filter formaldehyde, xylene and toluene.

Shall we wrap up?

Conclusion

We saw the best options to be included in an indoor garden. There’s no doubt that investing in a few indoor plants would bring many more benefits than aesthetic beauty. Try adding a dash of green to your office room and see your productivity and mood going up. Which plants are you going to add to your living space? Comment Below.

architectural finishes, BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

Monolith- The Technology, Merits and Demerits Full Guide

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Monolith is a well-known concept in the world. The technology is used to construct high-rise buildings and skyscrapers. The monolithic structure can withstand high loads (up to 8 points) without being broken, which makes it a suitable candidate to be used in seismic zones.

Let’s look at what monolithic houses are, their benefits and drawbacks, and the construction process.

The Technology of Monolith building

Monolith
Monolith

The technology’s essence lies in pouring reinforced concrete sections of a monolithic house during erection. Since there is no load on this part of the wall, any sound (brick, block, sheet) or low-strength material (wood, PVC panel with insulation, glass) may be used to fill the gaps between slabs.

In this technology a few variants of the frame are used:

Steel rods of various diameters are used to make the reinforcement cage for a monolithic building. Many of the frame’s components are welded or bound together. However, since it takes more time and effort, the last bonding technique is rarely used.

Formwork construction

Circular or stay-in-place formwork is used for this housing. A framework structure is a large sound panel (panel formwork) or prefabricated pouring form (tunnel formwork) that prevents the concrete mixture from flowing and allows the shape to be saved during the setting time.

There are various types of formwork construction in use:

  • Horizontal
  • Vertical
  • Creeping
  • For rounded elements

In apartment buildings, monolithic houses with stay-in-place formwork are more popular. There are single-story monolithic cottages.

Concrete mixture and grouting

Concrete mixtures may be manufactured immediately on the building ground in a mixing batch or a special concrete goods plant, depending on the monolithic construction scale. In the second case, concrete is transferred to the moto mixer.

Works with setting concrete

The concrete is densified after it has been filled into a formwork. This phase is required to remove airlocks, which impede the mixture’s efficiency. The per vibrator or external vibrator is used to densify the concrete mixture. The smoothness of the surface of the walls and ceiling is influenced by the consistency of the densification of the concrete mixture, which in turn affects the fine finish budget.

Form stripping

After the concrete has reached the required strength, the formwork is removed and passed on to the next stage of grouting.

Merits and Demerits of Monolith Building

Monolith Building
Monolith Building

Monolithic houses have both benefits and drawbacks. Let’s make a distinction between them.

One of the prime benefits would be the speed of construction. Monolithic buildings, which are similar to brick houses in design, are constructed faster than the previous ones. Equality of design is also a compelling point.

The majority of houses are constructed in a specific pattern that is characterized by their constructional peculiarities. A monolithic building, on the other hand, has no bounds. Plans for such houses can be varied, multilevel, and have ceilings of varying heights, which is not typical of block or brick houses.

The complete absence of open joints in a monolithic house has a range of benefits, including:

  • Increase in sound isolation level
  • Thermal insulation improvement
  • Extension of house life
  • Increase in strength
  • Protection from cracking
  • Lowering of construction weight

You should pay attention to its disadvantages also Monolithic structures permit the easy propagation of sound and vibrations making soundproofing of the rooms a difficult task. Also, it demands a large amount of finishing work.

architectural finishes, Water Proofing

Water proofing types – 5 effective methods explained.

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Water proofing is a method of applying coatings to a structure to make it waterproof or leak proof. Waterproofing is one of the most critical construction activities meant for enhancing the life and stability of the building/structure. In other words, we can say waterproofing means preventing the entry of water through a structure. This article is about the waterproofing methods suggested for residential, industrial, and commercial applications.

Why waterproofing is required?

Waterproofing is applied for basement or below-ground areas, toilet areas, swimming pools, water storage tanks, water retaining structures, rooftops and podium areas, deep industrial structures, foundations, etc.

  • Waterproofing is a must for basements below grade/ground level to prevent water seepage and structural damages. Basement waterproofing is unavoidable in areas where the water table is very high, and chances of rainwater flooding around the building and sweeping through the basement walls.
  • Concrete is a porous material and hence vulnerable to chemical attack. Water will enter and cause structural deterioration to the concrete and corrosion of embedded steel.
  • Rooftop and podium areas are exposed to rain and water seepage through concrete surfaces and cracks will damage the valuable interiors and embedded steel.
  • Waterproofing is a much-needed construction activity essential to maintain the life of the building.

Also Read : Ready mix plaster vs conventional plaster – comparison

Also read : Smart Building- 4 features full guide

Areas of water proofing

Water proofing is required in the following areas to prevent serious structural damage and enhance the durability and life of a building/structure.

  • Basement structure
  • Kitchen,toilet and other wet areas
  • Roof, terraces, balconies, podium, grass decks etc
  • Swimming pools and water retaining structures
  • Under ground tanks
  • Under ground industrial structures like wagon tipplers and track hoppers
  • Tunnels etc

Types of water proofing

Different waterproofing systems are suggested for different areas and locations depending upon the nature of water seepage expected.

They are classified on the basis of method adopted

  • Cementitious water proofing
  • Liquid water proofing membranes
  • Bituminous water proofing membrane
  • Bituminous coating
  • Polyurethane (PU) based water proofing membrane

Also read : Shotcrete – A total overview – Shotcrete vs gunite

Cementitious water proofing

Cementitious waterproofing is the most common and economical method of waterproofing used in construction works. The materials are readily available and can be mixed and applied with ease.

The cementitious waterproofing materials are available in various types.
Commonly used types are

  • Polymer modified Cementitious waterproofing
  • Acrylic polymer modified Cementitious coatings.
  • Crystalline water proofing

Polymer-modified cementitious waterproofing

Polymer-modified cementitious waterproofing systems are two-part cement-based polymer coatings that are highly flexible and elastic. Polymer-based coatings possess enhanced adhesion and are breathable. No vapor from concrete is entrapped inside. These types of coatings are preferred for waterproofing works in water storage tanks, basements, swimming pools, and pumping stations, and any other structures that are constantly in contact with water. These coatings are not preferred for waterproofing works exposed to sunlight.

Water proofing method - Application of cementitious membrane
cementitious coating

Acrylic polymer-modified cementitious coating

The acrylic polymer-modified cementitious coating is a single component /two-component material mixed with an acrylic polymer and special additives. The acrylic additives provide strong adhesion and a durable coating on any surface like steel, concrete, etc. The ingredients constitute cement-based materials that can easily blend with water or polymer emulsions. The acrylic polymer coatings are solid, durable, elastic, and nonbreakable.

Crystalline water proofing

Crystalline Cementitious Waterproofing systems consist of cement, quartz, or silica treated with and chemicals for the crystallization process. Once combined with water, it creates a crystalline structure that fills the pores, cracks, and capillaries in concrete which disallows water from seeping through them. This method of waterproofing is preferred for internal and external waterproofing of concrete structures.

Cementitious water proofing systems are not preferred for areas where there are structural cracks or any other moments.

Liquid-applied membrane

Liquid-applied membrane (LAM) is a monolithic, fully-bonded, liquid-based coating that cures to form a rubber-like elastomeric waterproof membrane. These are mainly used for roof waterproofing.
The coating is capable of stretching and returning to its original shape without damage. They can also be reinforced with materials like glass-reinforced plastic to enhance tensile strength.
Liquid waterproofing membranes provide a cost-effective method of making a new or existing roof waterproof. They are durable, flexible, and got excellent life of around 20 years without failure. The application is done using brushes or sprayed over a coat of appropriate primers. The main ingredient responsible for the properties is polymer-modified asphalt.

Polyurethane liquid based elastomeric membrane

Polyurethane waterproofing is a two-component material based on urethane pre-polymers and cures by reaction with atmospheric moisture to form a continuous elastic and rubbery film. Unlike other waterproofing systems like sheet membranes and liquid applied membranes, this polyurethane application requires comparatively less skill and supervision.
These membranes got excellent UV-resistant properties and got good adhesion to any surface like concrete, slate, tile, steel, etc. They are mainly used for roof applications.

Bituminous coating

Bituminous coating is a flexible coating used for structural protection and waterproofing of concrete foundations and exposed sides of underground exposed structures. The main ingredient of bituminous coatings is bitumen based material and anti-stripping agents. Bituminous coating is not preferred for works exposed to sunlight. On exposure, they will become brittle and peel off from the surface.

water proofing - Bituminous coating
Water proofing – Bituminous coating

Bituminous membrane or APP Membrane

water proofing - Bituminous membrane or APP membrane
Water proofing – AAP Membrane or torch applied membranes

APP membrane is a bituminous membrane modified with APP polymers. APP stands for Atactic Polypropylene and is manufacture from a plastic called atactic polypropylene and bitumen mix. These membranes are also called torch-applied membranes. During this process, the plastic begins to melt and form a wax-like liquid which is levelled on a surface.

Conclusion

The methods of waterproofing depends on the application areas and location of seepage. The locations, nature, economy, purpose of structure has to be technically studied and analysed before proposing an appropriate treatment method.

architectural finishes, Marble

Marble flooring – Advantages || Disadvantages – A complete analysis

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Marble is one of the most durable, elegant, and beautiful flooring materials used for centuries. Marble flooring is a superior quality flooring that can match any architecture concept and never get outdated. Apart from presenting luxurious interiors, the marble flooring can enhance the value of the building.

Despite being one of the best flooring options, marble stone got their disadvantages also. This article provides a fair knowledge about the advantages and disadvantages of marble stone flooring.

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Composition of marble 

A sedimentary stone like limestone subjected to enormous heat and pressure for millions of years is transformed into a much harder stone with elegant color, swirls, and veined patterns. This process of transformation is known as metamorphosis and the natural stone developed through this process is known as marble stone. The marble is quarried and cut into slabs and tiles and used for applications like flooring, countertops, wall cladding, floor and wall tiles, antique pillars, etc.

Marble stone quarry

The veins and swirls present in many marble pieces occur when various mineral impurities like clay, silt, sand, iron oxides, etc mixed with the original limestone. On polishing, the marble looks elegant, smooth, reflects light, and feels the interior more spacious.

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Marble flooring stones – Types

Marble is a semi- transparent and soft natural stone. They have a tendency to penetrate and reflects lights, They are porous stone with a high water absorption rate, Marble flooring tiles come in varying colors and surface patterns. Here we are listing some of the popular types of marble stone available.

  • Makarana Marble
  • Italian Marble
  • Rajnagar White Marble
  • Ambaji Green Marble
  • Kesarayaji Green Marble
  • Udaipur Pink Marble
  • Udaipur Green Marble
  • Jaisalmer Yellow Marble
  • Abu black Marble
  • Aandhi Marble
Marble flooring

Marble flooring – Finishing

Marble floors/sculptures are finished in different patterns depending on the architecture concept and usage.

  • Polished marble
  • Honed finished marble

Polished marble

Polished marble is the most popular finishing option of marble flooring. The marble surface is ground with a stone polishing machine using a variety of stones. Polishing gives a smooth and high gloss look to the marble floor. Polishing exposes the veins and swirls in the marble and provides a classy, superior, and elegant look. Polished marble is less porous and very easy to maintain when compared to other finishes and able to retain the sheen and charm for many years.

Polished marble is very slippery and not preferred in areas where there are chances of any water presence.

b) Honed finish

Honey-finished marble is the lightly polished form of marble finishing done just enough to produce a minor glossiness. These are less slippery but they may not be scratch resistant. Maintenance is also a little bit difficult when compared to polished marble.

Advantages of marble flooring

Marble flooring is one of the most popular options and is available in a wide range of colors, textures, and patterns. They are durable, elegant, and gives a superior feel to the interiors. Despite all these enormous advantages marble got a bit of a disadvantage also. These parameters have to be taken into account while considering the option of flooring with marble stones.

a) Durability

Marble is a natural material and got a reputation for durability over hundreds of years now. Marble is extremely durable,scratch-free, and long-lasting and can withstand any traffic and external pressures, and weight changes. Apart from residential uses, they are suitable for high traffic areas like commercial buildings, hotels, institutions, etc.

b) Versatile Designs and natural elegance

Marble is available in different colors, veins, swirls, patterns, and shades and can match any color scheme of the space and the customer’s needs. No other natural stone is elegant as marble that gives a simple and natural look to any space. The patterns, color, and design vary slightly in each slab/tile resulting in a custom look for each tile/slab.

Marble flooring designs
Marble flooring designs

c) Translucent properties

Marble is a translucent, semi-transparent material that allows some light to pass through it. The shiny translucent marble surface reflects light and thereby enhances the amount of natural light present in the rooms. This makes the rooms brighter, open, and more spacious. Because of the translucent properties, white and light-colored marble is best for flooring works. White cement grouts are more suitable for marble laying instead of grey cement.

d) Ease of cleaning

The marble floor is seamless and smooth and hence can be cleaned easily using mild detergents and water. The maintenance cost of a marble floor is low when compared with tile or any other type of flooring.

e) Ease of cutting and moulding

Marble stones are soft and the exact size as can be cut, moulded and shaped very easily.

f) Eco-friendly material

Marble is an eco-friendly and natural material. No chemical process is involved in the manufacturing of marble. Marble is a completely degradable material.

g) Cool feeling on foot

Marble stone provides a cool feeling in hot climates.

h) Architect favourite

Marble flooring gives an excellent look when mirror polished and provides a significant aesthetic for interiors. Marble flooring can match any color scheme of the space. The light-reflective properties enhance the class of this product and hence preferred by architects and interior designers.

i) Heat conduction

Marble is a good conductor of heat and is an integral part of radiant, in-floor heating system . This can make us feel warm even in the coldest temperatures.

j) Antibacterial and anti allergic properties

Marble eliminates microscopic particles and germs if it is cleaned properly.

Disadvantages of marble flooring

Despite its beauty, elegance, durability, and classic looks marble has some disadvantages. Let us go through the disadvantages of marble flooring.

a) Softer stone

Marble is a softer stone and is susceptible to scratching, chipping, breaking, etc when compared to any other material like granite, tile, etc. The surface is smooth and light in color and tends to show scratches and defects. Any damage may lead to the replacement of the total area with another piece.

b) Vulnerable to acidic substances

Marble is vulnerable to acidic substances like cleaners, lime, wine coffee, sauces, etc. These can permanently stain and decolor the marble surface.
Hence marble flooring is not preferred for kitchen counters.

c) Slippery surface

Marble gets its looks from polishing. But polishing can make it slippery when it is wet. Hence marble flooring is avoided for wet areas like bathrooms, kitchen, etc.
For overcoming this situation semi-polished or horned marble finishing is to be done. But the horned finish is not as attractive as the mirror finish.

d) Water absorption

Because marble is porous, it’s susceptible to water seeping in and causing damage,stains or discoloration. A penetrating sealer helps keep water from soaking into the flooring.

e) High cost

Marble is one of the high-end stone flooring options. But the durability and life will not be in line with the total cost price of the marble. They may not necessarily last longer than any other flooring options like granite and vitrified tiles. Marble stone is soft and may chip or damage in long run.

f) Weight

Marble stone is very heavy and increases and thereby increases the dead load on a structure. Lifting of marble is difficult when compared to any other flooring material. The building structure has to be strong enough to support the weight of heavy floors.

g) Skilled installation manpower

Marble flooring needs highly skilled and expert manpower for fixing systematically by matching the swirls and grains. Marble stone is a soft material and is prone to cracks. Any mistake in installation may ruin the pattern and also causes huge wastage and financial losses.

h)Maintenance

Acid free mild detergents are to be used for cleaning marble floors. Marble flooring requires annual sealing to restrict the penetration of water and liquids.

Marbles are low heat resistance stone so its floor getting very cold in winter season. So it not suitable for cold regions.

i) Wastage and no availability of matching stone

Marble is a soft stone and tends to crack during loading,transportation and installation and creates a lot of wastage at site.

It is very difficult to change/replace marble flooring once installed. The stone of same colour and design is hard to find after few years. You have to maintain some minimal stock while buying the marble tiles.

Conclusion : Marble is one of the most versatile and luxurious flooring materials that can match any color schemes and themes. The selection of marble as a flooring material depends on the economy, aesthetic requirement, function, and purpose of space.