All the general details about civil engineering sector are given in the civil engineering category. Basic elements in civil engineering- Foundation is the lowermost part of the building. The building activity starts with digging the ground for foundation and then building it..
Final year Civil engineering project are the tipping point of your college activities. While you prepare yourself to bid goodbye to your college, this is like a nagging friend. Well, not really. It is the last chance to exercise your skills in civil engineering and practice what you learnt in the textbooks. You will come across all the details on final-year civil engineering projects as well as final-year civil engineering project topics in the blog.
b) Picking the right team for project topics for Civil engineering project
You should be keen while choosing your teammates. First of all, they should have similar interests as you and should be able to fill in the gaps where you are weak.
c) Approaching a guide for the project
The guide for your final year civil engineering projects should be able to provide you with the required guidance for completing the project. And supportive too (why allow backstabbing?). You may ask the guide’s previous team about their experience with them.
So, the first baby milestone is taken care of. Now, let me introduce the major topics for the final year project in civil engineering.
100 Civil engineering project topics for you
Final year civil engineering projects
I have categorized the civil engineering project topics based on the branch of civil engineering to which they belong. For any details regarding the listed topics for Civil engineering project please mail me
I’m pretty sure that you will have a lot more doubts regarding your final year civil engineering projects that hover around your brain. Also, when you want more details on any of the above-mentioned civil engineering project topics, drop them in the comments!
Bachelor of Engineering subjects and Bachelor of Technology (B.Tech). Are they same? No, but yes. There are similarities and differences in both. The outcome of course is more or less the same, but the subjects are different. Lets look at the difference before we dive in to the BE civil engineering subjects.
Both are two different ofessional degree courses, but you get to be a civil engineer.
The universities which offer the courses are different
The subjects of both degrees are not the same. Though both contain topics that impart knowledge in civil engineering.
The course duration is same which is four years.
There is no much difference between career opportunities. All the jobs and exams offered to a BE graduate considers BE graduates and vice versa.
Now, moving on to the subjects,
BE Civil Engineering Subjects-Semester – 1
COMMUNICATIVE ENGLISH
Objectives
• To develop the basic reading and writing skills of first year engineering and technology students.
• To help learners develop their listening skills, which will, enable them listen to lectures and comprehend them by asking questions; seeking clarifications.
• To help learners develop their speaking skills and speak fluently in real contexts.
• To help learners develop vocabulary of a general kind by developing their reading skills
Outcomes
At the end of the course, learners will be able to:
• Read articles of a general kind in magazines and newspapers.
• Participate effectively in informal conversations; introduce themselves and their friends and express opinions in English.
• Comprehend conversations and short talks delivered in English
• Write short essays of a general kind and personal letters and emails in English.
BE civil Engineering Subjects – Text books
1. Richards, C. Jack. Interchange Students’ Book-2 New Delhi: CUP, 2015.
2. Bailey, Stephen. Academic Writing: A practical guide for students. New York: Rutledge,2011
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS– I
Objectives
• The goal of this course is to achieve conceptual understanding and to retain the best traditions of traditional calculus. The syllabus is designed to provide the basic tools of calculus mainly for the purpose of modelling the engineering problems mathematically and obtaining solutions.
Outcomes
After completing this course, students should demonstrate competency in the following skills:
• Use both the limit definition and rules of differentiation to differentiate functions.
• Apply differentiation to solve maxima and minima problems.
• Evaluate integrals both by using Riemann sums and by using the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus.
• Apply integration to compute multiple integrals, area, volume, integrals in polar coordinates, in addition to change of order and change of variables.
• Evaluate integrals using techniques of integration, such as substitution, partial fractions and integration by parts.
• Determine convergence/divergence of improper integrals and evaluate convergent improper integrals.
• Apply various techniques in solving differential equations.
2. Anton, H, Bivens, I and Davis, S, “Calculus”, Wiley, 10th Edition, 2016.
ENGINEERING PHYSICS
Objectives
• To enhance the fundamental knowledge in Physics and its applications relevant to various streams of Engineering and Technology.
Outcomes
Upon completion of this course,
• The students will gain knowledge on the basics of properties of matter and its applications,
• The students will acquire knowledge on the concepts of waves and optical devices and their applications in fibre optics,
• The students will have adequate knowledge on the concepts of thermal properties of materials and their applications in expansion joints and heat exchangers,
• The students will get knowledge on advanced physics concepts of quantum theory and its applications in tunneling microscopes, and
• The students will understand the basics of crystals, their structures and different crystal growth techniques.
BE civil Engineering Subjects – Text books
1. Bhattacharya, D.K. & Poonam, T. “Engineering Physics”. Oxford University Press, 2015.
2. Halliday, D., Resnick, R. & Walker, J. “Principles of Physics”. Wiley, 2015.
ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
Objectives
• To make the students conversant with boiler feed water requirements, related problems and water treatment techniques
• To develop an understanding of the basic concepts of phase rule and its applications to single and two component systems and appreciate the purpose and significance of alloys.
• Preparation, properties and applications of engineering materials.
• Types of fuels, calorific value calculations, manufacture of solid, liquid and gaseous fuels.
• Principles and generation of energy in batteries, nuclear reactors, solar cells, wind mills and fuel cells.
Outcomes
• The knowledge gained on engineering materials, fuels, energy sources and water treatment techniques will facilitate better understanding of engineering processes and applications for further learning.
BE civil Engineering Subjects – Text books
1. S. S. Dara and S. S. Umare, “A Textbook of Engineering Chemistry”, S. Chand & Company LTD, New Delhi, 2015 2. P. C. Jain and Monika Jain, “Engineering Chemistry” Dhanpat Rai Publishing Company (P) LTD, New Delhi, 2015
2. Friedrich Emich, “Engineering Chemistry”, Scientific International PVT, LTD, New Delhi, 2014.
PROBLEM SOLVING AND PYTHON PROGRAMMING
Objectives
• To know the basics of algorithmic problem solving
• To read and write simple Python programs.
• To develop Python programs with conditionals and loops.
• To define Python functions and call them.
• To use Python data structures –- lists, tuples, dictionaries.
• To do input/output with files in Python.
Outcomes
• Develop algorithmic solutions to simple computational problems
• Read, write, execute by hand simple Python programs.
• Structure simple Python programs for solving problems.
• Decompose a Python program into functions.
• Represent compound data using Python lists, tuples, dictionaries.
• Read and write data from/to files in Python Programs.
BE civil Engineering Subjects – Text books
1. Allen B. Downey, “Think Python: How to Think Like a Computer Scientist’’, 2nd edition, Updated for Python 3, Shroff/O’Reilly Publishers, 2016 (http://greenteapress.com/wp/thinkpython/)
2. Charles Dierbach, “Introduction to Computer Science using Python: A Computational
ENGINEERING GRAPHICS
Objectives
• To develop in students, graphic skills for communication of concepts, ideas and design of engineering products.
• To expose them to existing national standards related to technical drawings.
Outcomes
On successful completion of this course, the student will be able to
• Familiarize with the fundamentals and standards of Engineering graphics
• Perform freehand sketching of basic geometrical constructions and multiple views of objects.
• Project orthographic projections of lines and plane surfaces.
• Draw projections and solids and development of surfaces.
• Visualize and to project isometric and perspective sections of simple solids.
BE civil Engineering Subjects – Text books
1. Natrajan K.V., “A text book of Engineering Graphics”, Dhanalakshmi Publishers, Chennai, 2009.
2. Basant Agarwal and Agarwal C.M., “Engineering Drawing”, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi, 2008.
PROBLEM SOLVING AND PYTHON PROGRAMMING LABORATORY
Objectives
• To write, test, and debug simple Python programs.
• To implement Python programs with conditionals and loops.
• Use functions for structuring Python programs.
• Represent compound data using Python lists, tuples, dictionaries.
• Read and write data from/to files in Python.
Outcomes
Upon completion of the course, students will be able to
• Write, test, and debug simple Python programs.
• Implement Python programs with conditionals and loops.
• Develop Python programs step-wise by defining functions and calling them.
• Use Python lists, tuples, dictionaries for representing compound data.
• Read and write data from/to files in Python.
PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY LABORATORY
Objectives
• To introduce different experiments to test basic understanding of physics concepts applied in optics, thermal physics, properties of matter and liquids.
Outcomes
Upon completion of the course, the students will be able to
• Apply principles of elasticity, optics and thermal properties for engineering applications.
CHEMISTRY LABORATORY
Objectives
• To make the student to acquire practical skills in the determination of water quality parameters through volumetric and instrumental analysis.
• To acquaint the students with the determination of molecular weight of a polymer by viscometery.
Outcomes
• The students will be outfitted with hands-on knowledge in the quantitative chemical analysis of water quality related parameters.
BE civil Engineering Subjects – Text books
1. Vogel’s Textbook of Quantitative Chemical Analysis (8TH edition, 2014)
BE Civil Engineering Subjects-Semester – 2
TECHNICAL ENGLISH
Objectives
The Course prepares second semester engineering and Technology students to:
• Develop strategies and skills to enhance their ability to read and comprehend engineering and technology texts.
• Foster their ability to write convincing job applications and effective reports.
• Develop their speaking skills to make technical presentations , participate in group discussions.
• Strengthen their listening skill which will help them comprehend lectures and talks in their areas
Outcomes
At the end of the course learners will be able to:
• Read technical texts and write area- specific texts effortlessly.
• Listen and comprehend lectures and talks in their area of specialisation successfully.
• Speak appropriately and effectively in varied formal and informal contexts.
• Write reports and winning job applications.
BE civil Engineering Subjects – Text books
1. Board of editors. Fluency in English A Course book for Engineering and Technology. Orient Blackswan, Hyderabad: 2016
2. Booth-L. Diana, Project Work, Oxford University Press, Oxford: 2014.
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
Objectives
• This course is designed to cover topics such as Matrix Algebra, Vector Calculus, Complex Analysis and Laplace Transform. Matrix Algebra is one of the powerful tools to handle practical problems arising in the field of engineering.
Outcomes
After successfully completing the course, the student will have a good understanding of the following topics and their applications:
• Eigenvalues and eigenvectors, diagonalization of a matrix, Symmetric matrices, Positive definite matrices and similar matrices.
• Gradient, divergence and curl of a vector point function and related identities.
• Evaluation of line, surface and volume integrals using Gauss, Stokes and Green’s theorems and their verification.
• Analytic functions, conformal mapping and complex integration.
• Laplace transform and inverse transform of simple functions, properties, various related theorems and application to differential equations with constant coefficients.
2. Bali N., Goyal M. and Watkins C., “Advanced Engineering Mathematics”, Firewall Media (An imprint of Lakshmi Publications Pvt., Ltd.,), New Delhi, 7th Edition, 2009.
PHYSICS FOR CIVIL ENGINEERING
Objectives
• To introduce the principles of thermal, acoustics, optics and new materials for civil engineering applications.
Outcomes
Upon completion of this course, the students will,
• Have knowledge on the thermal performance of buildings,
• Acquire knowledge on the acoustic properties of buildings,
• Get knowledge on various lighting designs for buildings,
• Gain knowledge on the properties and performance of engineering materials, and
• Understand the hazards of buildings.
BE civil Engineering Subjects – Text books
1. Alexander, D. “Natural disaster”, Springer (1993).
2. Gaur R.K. and Gupta S.L., Engineering Physics. Dhanpat Rai publishers, 2012.
BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
Objectives
• To explain the basic theorems used in Electrical circuits and the different components and function of electrical machines.
• To explain the fundamentals of semiconductor and applications.
• To explain the principles of digital electronics • To impart knowledge of communication.
Outcomes
• Ability to identify the electrical components and explain the characteristics of electrical machines.
• Ability to identify electronics components and understand the characteristics
BE civil Engineering Subjects – Text books
1. D P Kothari and I.J Nagarath, ”Electrical Machines “Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering”, McGraw Hill Education(India) Private Limited, Third Reprint ,2016
2. A.E. Fitzgerald, David E Higginbotham and Arvin Grabel, “Basic Electrical Engineering”, McGraw Hill Education(India) Private Limited, 2009
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
Objectives
• To study the nature and facts about environment.
• To finding and implementing scientific, technological, economic and political solutions to environmental problems.
• To study the interrelationship between living organism and environment.
• To appreciate the importance of environment by assessing its impact on the human world; envision the surrounding environment, its functions and its value.
• To study the dynamic processes and understand the features of the earth s interior and surface.
• To study the integrated themes and biodiversity, natural resources, pollution control, and waste management.
Outcomes
• Environmental Pollution or problems cannot be solved by mere laws. Public participation is an important aspect which serves the environmental Protection. One will obtain knowledge on the following after completing the course.
• Public awareness of environmental is at infant stage.
• Ignorance and incomplete knowledge has lead to misconceptions
• Development and improvement in std. of living has lead to serious environmental disasters
BE civil Engineering Subjects – Text books
1. Benny Joseph, ‘Environmental Science and Engineering’, Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi, 2006.
2. Dharmendra S. Sengar, ‘Environmental law’, Prentice hall of India Pvt Ltd, New Delhi, 2007.
ENGINEERING MECHANICS
Objectives
• To develop capacity to predict the effect of force and motion in the course of carrying out the design functions of engineering.
Textbooks that be referred
Beer, F.P and Johnston Jr. E.R., “Vector Mechanics for Engineers (In SI Units): Statics and Dynamics”, 8th Edition, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing company, New Delhi (2004).
2. Bhavikatti, S.S and Rajashekarappa, K.G., “Engineering Mechanics”, New Age International (P) Limited Publishers, 1998.
ENGINEERING PRACTICES LABORATORY
Objectives
• To provide exposure to the students with hands on experience on various basic engineering practices in Civil, Mechanical, Electrical and Electronics Engineering.
Outcomes
On successful completion of this course, the student will be able to
• Fabricate carpentry components and pipe connections including plumbing works.
• Use welding equipments to join the structures.
• Carry out the basic machining operations
• Make the models using sheet metal works
• Illustrate on centrifugal pump, Air conditioner, operations of smithy, foundary and fittings
• Carry out basic home electrical works and appliances
• Measure the electrical quantities
• Elaborate on the components, gates, soldering practices.
• To introduce the students to draft the plan, elevation and sectional views of buildings in accordance with development and control rules satisfying orientation and functional requirements as per National Building Code.
Outcomes
• The students will be able to draft the plan, elevation and sectional views of the buildings, industrial structures, and framed buildings using computer softwares.
BE civil Engineering Subjects – Text books
1. Sikka V.B., A Course in Civil Engineering Drawing, 4th Edition, S.K.Kataria and Sons, 2015.
2. Chuck Eastman, Paul Teicholz, Rafael Sacks, Kathleen Liston, BIM Handbook:A Guide to building information modeling for Owners, Managers, Designers, Engineers, and Contractors, John Wiley and Sons. Inc.,2011.
BE Civil Engineering Subjects-Semester – 3
TRANSFORMS AND PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
Objectives
• To introduce the basic concepts of PDE for solving standard partial differential equations.
• To introduce Fourier series analysis which is central to many applications in engineering apart from its use in solving boundary value problems.
• To acquaint the student with Fourier series techniques in solving heat flow problems used in various situations.
• To acquaint the student with Fourier transform techniques used in wide variety of situations.
• To introduce the effective mathematical tools for the solutions of partial differential equations that model several physical processes and to develop Z transform techniques for discrete time systems.
Outcomes
• Understand how to solve the given standard partial differential equations.
• Solve differential equations using Fourier series analysis which plays a vital role in engineering applications.
• Appreciate the physical significance of Fourier series techniques in solving one and two dimensional heat flow problems and one dimensional wave equations.
• Understand the mathematical principles on transforms and partial differential equations would provide them the ability to formulate and solve some of the physical problems of engineering.
• Use the effective mathematical tools for the solutions of partial differential equations by using Z transform techniques for discrete time systems.
2. Andrews, L.C and Shivamoggi, B, “Integral Transforms for Engineers” SPIE Press, 1999.
STRENGTH OF MATERIALS I
Objectives
• To learn the fundamental concepts of Stress, Strain and deformation of solids.
• To know the mechanism of load transfer in beams, the induced stress resultants and deformations.
• To understand the effect of torsion on shafts and springs.
• To analyze plane and space trusses
Outcomes
Students will be able to
• Understand the concepts of stress and strain, principal stresses and principal planes.
• Determine Shear force and bending moment in beams and understand concept of theory of simple bending.
• Calculate the deflection of beams by different methods and selection of method for determining slope or deflection.
• Apply basic equation of torsion in design of circular shafts and helical springs, .
• Analyze the pin jointed plane and space trusses
BE civil Engineering Subjects – Text books
1. Rajput.R.K. “Strength of Materials”, S.Chand and Co, New Delhi, 2015.
2. Timoshenko.S.B. and Gere.J.M, “Mechanics of Materials”, Van Nos Reinbhold, New Delhi 1999.
FLUID MECHANICS
Objectives
• To understand the basic properties of the fluid, fluid kinematics, fluid dynamics and to analyze and appreciate the complexities involved in solving the fluid flow problems.
Outcomes
At the end of the course students will be able to
• Get a basic knowledge of fluids in static, kinematic and dynamic equilibrium.
• Understand and solve the problems related to equation of motion.
• Gain knowledge about dimensional and model analysis.
• Learn types of flow and losses of flow in pipes.
• Understand and solve the boundary layer problems.
BE civil Engineering Subjects – Text books
1. Modi P.N and Seth “Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics including Hydraulic Machines”, Standard Book House New Delhi, 2009.
2. Streeter, V.L., and Wylie, E.B., “Fluid Mechanics”, McGraw Hill, 2000.
• To introduce students to various materials commonly used in civil engineering construction and their properties.
Outcomes
On completion of this course the students will be able to
• Compare the properties of most common and advanced building materials.
• Understand the typical and potential applications of lime, cement and aggregates
• know the production of concrete and also the method of placing and making of concrete elements.
• Understand the applications of timbers and other materials
• Understand the importance of modern material for construction.
BE civil Engineering Subjects – Text books
1.Varghese.P.C, “Building Materials”, PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, 2015.
2. Jagadish.K.S, “Alternative Building Materials Technology”, New Age International, 2007.
ENGINEERING GEOLOGY
Objectives
• At the end of this course the students will be able to understand the importance of geological knowledge such as earth, earthquake, volcanism and to apply this knowledge in projects such as dams, tunnels, bridges, roads, airport and harbor.
Outcomes
The students completing this course
• Will be able to understand the importance of geological knowledge such as earth, earthquake, volcanism and the action of various geological agencies.
• Will get basics knowledge on properties of minerals.
• Gain knowledge about types of rocks, their distribution and uses.
• Will understand the methods of study on geological structure.
• Will understand the application of geological investigation in projects such as dams, tunnels, bridges, roads, airport and harbor
BE civil Engineering Subjects – Text books
1. Varghese, P.C., Engineering Geology for Civil Engineering Prentice Hall of India Learning Private Limited, New Delhi, 2012.
2. Blyth F.G.H. and de Freitas M.H., Geology for Engineers, Edward Arnold, London, 2010.
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS LABORATORY
Objectives
• To facilitate the understanding of the behavior of construction materials.
Outcomes
• The students will have the required knowledge in the area of testing of construction materials and components of construction elements experimentally.
BE civil Engineering Subjects – Text books
1. Construction Materials Laboratory Manual, Anna University, Chennai-600 025.
SURVEYING LABORATORY
Objectives
• At the end of the course the student will posses knowledge about Survey field techniques
Outcomes
• Students completing this course would have acquired practical knowledge on handling basic survey instruments including Theodolite, Tacheometry, Total Station and GPS and have adequate knowledge to carryout Triangulation and Astronomical surveying including general field marking for various engineering projects and Location of site etc.
INTERPERSONAL SKILLS/LISTENING AND SPEAKING
Objectives
The Course will enable learners to:
• Equip students with the English language skills required for the successful undertaking of academic studies with primary emphasis on academic speaking and listening skills.
• Provide guidance and practice in basic general and classroom conversation and to engage in specific academic speaking activities.
• Improve general and academic listening skills
• Make effective presentations.
Outcomes
At the end of the course Learners will be able to:
• Listen and respond appropriately.
• Participate in group discussions
• Make effective presentations
• Participate confidently and appropriately in conversations both formal and informal
BE civil Engineering Subjects – Text books
1. Brooks, Margret. Skills for Success. Listening and Speaking. Level 4 Oxford University Press, Oxford: 2011.
2. Bhatnagar, Nitin and MamtaBhatnagar. Communicative English for Engineers and Professionals. Pearson: New Delhi, 2010.
BE Civil Engineering Subjects-Semester – 4
NUMERICAL METHODS
Objectives
• To introduce the basic concepts of solving algebraic and transcendental equations.
• To introduce the numerical techniques of interpolation in various intervals in real life situations.
• To acquaint the student with understanding of numerical techniques of differentiation and integration which plays an important role in engineering and technology disciplines.
• To acquaint the knowledge of various techniques and methods of solving ordinary differential equations.
• To understand the knowledge of various techniques and methods of solving various types of partial differential equations.
Outcomes
• Understand the basic concepts and techniques of solving algebraic and transcendental equations.
• Appreciate the numerical techniques of interpolation and error approximations in various intervals in real life situations.
• Apply the numerical techniques of differentiation and integration for engineering problems.
• Understand the knowledge of various techniques and methods for solving first and second order ordinary differential equations.
• Solve the partial and ordinary differential equations with initial and boundary conditions by using certain techniques with engineering applications.
2. Brian Bradie, “A Friendly Introduction to Numerical Analysis”, Pearson Education, Asia, New Delhi, 2007.
CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES AND PRACTICES Objectives
• The main objective of this course is to make the student aware of the various construction techniques, practices and equipment needed for different types of construction activities.
Outcomes
• To know the different construction techniques and structural systems
• Understand various techniques and practices on masonry construction, flooring, and roofing.
• Plan the requirements for substructure construction.
• Know the methods and techniques involved in the construction of various types of super structures
• Select, maintain and operate hand and power tools and equipment used in the building construction sites.
BE civil Engineering Subjects – Text books
1. eurifoy, R.L., Ledbetter, W.B. and Schexnayder, C., “Construction Planning, Equipment and Methods”, 5th Edition, McGraw Hill, Singapore, 1995.
2. Jha J and Sinha S.K., “Construction and Foundation Engineering”, Khanna Publishers,
STRENGTH OF MATERIALS II
Objectives
• To know the method of finding slope and deflection of beams and trusses using energy theorems and to know the concept of analysing indeterminate beam
• To estimate the load carrying capacity of columns, stresses due to unsymmetrical bending and various theories for failure of material.
Outcomes
Students will be able to,
• Determine the strain energy and compute the deflection of determinate beams, frames and trusses using energy principles.
• Analyze propped cantilever, fixed beams and continuous beams using theorem of three moment equation for external loadings and support settlements.
• Find the load carrying capacity of columns and stresses induced in columns and cylinders
• Determine principal stresses and planes for an element in three dimensional state of stress and study various theories of failure
• Determine the stresses due to Unsymmetrical bending of beams, locate the shear center, and find the stresses in curved beams.
BE civil Engineering Subjects – Text books
1. Rajput R.K. “Strength of Materials (Mechanics of Solids)”, S.Chand & company Ltd., New Delhi, 2015.
• To introduce the students to various hydraulic engineering problems like open channel flows and hydraulic machines. At the completion of the course, the student should be able to relate the theory and practice of problems in hydraulic engineering.
Outcomes
• Apply their knowledge of fluid mechanics in addressing problems in open channels.
• Able to identify a effective section for flow in different cross sections.
• To solve problems in uniform, gradually and rapidly varied flows in steady state conditions
• Understand the principles, working and application of turbines.
• Understand the principles, working and application of pumps
BE civil Engineering Subjects – Text books
Subramanya.K ,”Flow in open channels”, Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi, 2000.
2. Ven Te Chow, “Open Channel Hydraulics”, McGraw Hill, New York, 2009.
CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY
Objectives
• To impart knowledge to the students on the properties of materials for concrete by suitable tests, mix design for concrete and special concretes.
Outcomes
Students will be able to understand,
• The various requirements of cement, aggregates and water for making concrete
• The effect of admixtures on properties of concrete
• The concept and procedure of mix design as per IS method
• The properties of concrete at fresh and hardened state
• The importance and application of special concretes.
BE civil Engineering Subjects – Text books
1. Gupta.B.L., Amit Gupta, “Concrete Technology”, Jain Book Agency, 2010.
• To impart knowledge to classify the soil based on index properties and to assess their engineering properties based on the classification. To familiarize the students about the fundamental concepts of compaction, flow through soil, stress transformation, stress distribution, consolidation and shear strength of soils.
Outcomes
Students will be able to
• Classify the soil and assess the engineering properties, based on index properties.
• Understand the stress concepts in soils
• Understand and identify the settlement in soils.
• Determine the shear strength of soil
• Analyze both finite and infinite slopes.
BE civil Engineering Subjects – Text books
1. Murthy, V.N.S., “Text book of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering”, CBS Publishers Distribution Ltd., New Delhi. 2014
2. McCarthy, D.F., “Essentials of Soil Mechanics and Foundations: Basic Geotechnics”. Prentice-Hall, 2006.
STRENGTH OF MATERIALS LABORATORY
Objectives
• To expose the students to the testing of different materials under the action of various forces and determination of their characteristics experimentally.
Outcomes
• The students will have the required knowledge in the area of testing of materials and components of structural elements experimentally.
BE civil Engineering Subjects – Text books
1. Strength of Materials Laboratory Manual, Anna University, Chennai – 600 025.
2. IS1786-2008 (Fourth Revision, Reaffirmed 2013), ‘High strength deformed bars and wires for concrete reinforcement – Specification’, 2008.
HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING LABORATORY
Objectives
• Students should be able to verify the principles studied in theory by performing the experiments in lab.
Outcomes
• The students will be able to measure flow in pipes and determine frictional losses.
• The students will be able to develop characteristics of pumps and turbines.
BE civil Engineering Subjects – Text books
1. Sarbjit Singh.”Experiments in Fluid Mechanics”, Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd, Learning Private Limited, Delhi, 2009.
2. “Hydraulic Laboratory Manual”, Centre for Water Resources, Anna University, 2004.
ADVANCED READING AND WRITING
Objectives
• Strengthen the reading skills of students of engineering.
• Enhance their writing skills with specific reference to technical writing.
• Develop students’ critical thinking skills.
• Provide more opportunities to develop their project and proposal writing skills.
Outcomes
At the end of the course Learners will be able to:
• Write different types of essays.
• Write winning job applications.
• Read and evaluate texts critically.
• Display critical thinking in various professional contexts.
BE civil Engineering Subjects – Text books
1. Gramer F. Margot and Colin S. Ward Reading and Writing (Level 3) Oxford University Press: Oxford, 2011
2. Davis, Jason and Rhonda LIss.Effective Academic Writing (Level 3) Oxford University Press: Oxford, 2006
BE Civil Engineering Subjects-Semester – 5
DESIGN OF REINFORCED CEMENT CONCRETE ELEMENTS
Objectives
• To introduce the different types of philosophies related to design of basic structural elements such as slab, beam, column and footing which form part of any structural system with reference to Indian standard code of practice.
Outcomes
Students will be able to,
• Understand the various design methodologies for the design of RC elements.
• Know the analysis and design of flanged beams by limit state method and sign of beams for shear, bond and torsion.
• Design the various types of slabs and staircase by limit state method.
• Design columns for axial, uniaxial and biaxial eccentric loadings. • Design of footing by limit state method.
BE civil Engineering Subjects – Text books
1. Varghese, P.C., “Limit State Design of Reinforced Concrete”, Prentice Hall of India, Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 2002.
2. Jain, A.K., “Limit State Design of RC Structures”, Nemchand Publications, Roorkee, 1998
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS I
Objectives
• To introduce the students to basic theory and concepts of classical methods of structural analysis
Outcomes
Students will be able to,
• Analyze continuous beams, pin-jointed indeterminate plane frames and rigid plane frames by strain energy method
• Analyse the continuous beams and rigid frames by slope defection method.
• Understand the concept of moment distribution and analysis of continuous beams and rigid frames with and without sway.
• Analyse the indeterminate pin jointed plane frames continuous beams and rigid frames using matrix flexibility method.
• Understand the concept of matrix stiffness method and analysis of continuous beams, pin jointed trusses and rigid plane frames.
BE civil Engineering Subjects – Text books
1. Bhavikatti, S.S,Structural Analysis,Vol.1,& 2, Vikas Publishing House Pvt.Ltd.,NewDelhi-4, 2014.
2. Punmia. B.C, Ashok Kumar Jain & Arun Kumar Jain, Theory of structures, Laxmi Publications, New Delhi, 2004.
WATER SUPPLY ENGINEERING
Objectives
• To equip the students with the principles and design of water treatment units and distribution system.
Outcomes
The students completing the course will have,
• An insight into the structure of drinking water supply systems, including water transport, treatment, and distribution
• The knowledge in various unit operations and processes in water treatment
• An ability to design the various functional units in water treatment
• An understanding of water quality criteria and standards, and their relation to public health
• Tthe ability to design and evaluate water supply project alternatives on basis of chosen criteria.
BE civil Engineering Subjects – Text books
1. Garg, S.K. Environmental Engineering, Vol.IKhanna Publishers, New Delhi, 2010.
2. Manual on Water Supply and Treatment, CPHEEO, Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India, New Delhi, 1999.
FOUNDATION ENGINEERING
Objectives
• To impart knowledge to plan and execute a detail site investigation programme, to select geotechnical design parameters and type of foundations. Also to familiarize the students for the geotechnical design of different type of foundations and retaining walls.
Outcomes
Students will be able to,
• Understand the site investigation, methods and sampling.
• Get knowledge on bearing capacity and testing methods.
• Design shallow footings.
• Determine the load carrying capacity, settlement of Pile foundation
• Determine the earth pressure on retaining walls and analysis for stability.
BE civil Engineering Subjects – Text books
1. Murthy, V.N.S., “Text book of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering”, CBS Publishers Distribution Ltd., New Delhi. 2014.
2. Braja M Das, “Principles of Foundation Engineering” (Eigth edition), Cengage Learning 2014.
SOIL MECHANICS LABORATORY
Objectives
• To develop skills to test the soils for their index and engineering properties and to characterise the soil based on their properties.
Outcomes
• Students are able to conduct tests to determine both the index and engineering properties of soils and to characterize the soil based on their properties.
BE civil Engineering Subjects – Text books
1. “Soil Engineering Laboratory Instruction Manual” published by Engineering College Cooperative Society, Anna University, Chennai, 2010.
2. Lambe T.W., “Soil Testing for Engineers”, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1951. Digitized 2008.
WATER AND WASTE WATER ANALYSIS
Objectives
• To analyse the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of water and wastewater
• To quantify the dosage requirement for coagulation process
• To study the growth of micro-organism and its quantification
• To quantify the sludge
Outcomes
On the completion of the course, the students will be able to:
• Quantify the pollutant concentration in water and wastewater
• Suggest the type of treatment required and amount of dosage required for the treatment
• Examine the conditions for the growth of micro-organisms
SURVEY CAMP
The objective of the survey camp is to enable the students to get practical training in the field work. Groups of not more than six members in a group will carry out each exercise in survey camp. At the end of the camp, each student shall have mapped and contoured the area. The camp record shall include all original field observations, calculations and plots.
DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
Objectives
• To introduce the students to limit state design of structural steel members subjected to compressive, tensile and bending loads, including connections. Design of structural systems such as roof trusses, gantry girders as per provisions of current code (IS 800 – 2007) of practice for working stress and Limit state Method.
Outcomes
Students will be able to,
• Understand the concepts of various design philosophies
• Design common bolted and welded connections for steel structures
• Design tension members and understand the effect of shear lag.
• Understand the design concept of axially loaded columns and column base connections.
• Understand specific problems related to the design of laterally restrained and unrestrained steel beams.
BE civil Engineering Subjects – Text books
1. Subramanian.N, “Design of Steel Structures”, Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 2013.
2. Narayanan.R.et.al. “Teaching Resource on Structural Steel Design”, INSDAG, Ministry of Steel Publications, 2002
BE Civil Engineering Subjects-Semester – 6
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS II
Objectives
• To learn the method of drawing influence lines and its uses in various applications like beams and plane trusses.
• To analyse the arches, suspension bridges and space trusses.
• Also to learn Plastic analysis of beams and rigid frames.
Outcomes
Students will be able to,
• Draw influence lines for statically determinate structures and calculate critical stress resultants.
• Understand Muller Breslau principle and draw the influence lines for statically indeterminate beams.
• Analyse of three hinged, two hinged and fixed arches.
• Analyse the suspension bridges with stiffening girders
• Understand the concept of Plastic analysis and the method of analyzing beams and rigid frames.
• The student is exposed to different phases in irrigation practices and Planning and management of irrigation. Further, they will be imparted required knowledge on Irrigation storage and distribution canal system and Irrigation management.
Outcomes
Students will be able to,
• Have knowledge and skills on crop water requirements.
• Understand the methods and management of irrigation.
• Gain knowledge on types of impounding structures
• Understand methods of irrigation including canal irrigation.
• Get knowledge on water management on optimization of water use.
BE civil Engineering Subjects – Text books
1. Dilip Kumar Majumdar, “Irrigation Water Management”, Prentice-Hall of India, New Delhi, 2008.
2. Duggal, K.N. and Soni, J.P., “Elements of Water Resources Engineering”, New Age International Publishers, 2005
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING
Objectives
• To give an overview about the highway engineering with respect to, planning, design, construction and maintenance of highways as per IRC standards, specifications and methods.
Outcomes
Students will be able to,
• Get knowledge on planning and aligning of highway.
• Geometric design of highways
• Design flexible and rigid pavements.
• Gain knowledge on Highway construction materials, properties, testing methods
• Understand the concept of pavement management system, evaluation of distress and maintenance of pavements.
BE civil Engineering Subjects – Text books
1. Khanna.S. K., Justo.C.E.G and Veeraragavan A. “Highway Engineering”, Nemchand Publishers, 2014.
2. Indian Road Congress (IRC), Guidelines for the Design of Flexible Pavements, ( Third Revision), IRC: 37-2012
WASTEWATER ENGINEERING
Objectives
• The objectives of this course is to help students develop the ability to apply basic understanding of physical, chemical, and biological phenomena for successful design, operation and maintenance of sewage treatment plants.
Outcomes
The students completing the course will have,
• An ability to estimate sewage generation and design sewer system including sewage pumping stations
• The required understanding on the characteristics and composition of sewage, selfpurification of streams
• An ability to perform basic design of the unit operations and processes that are used in sewage treatment
• Understand the standard methods for disposal of sewage.
• Gain knowledge on sludge treatment and disposal.
BE civil Engineering Subjects – Text books
1. Garg, S.K., Environmental Engineering Vol. II, Khanna Publishers, New Delhi, 2015.
2. Manual on Sewerage and Sewage Treatment Systems Part A,B and C, CPHEEO, Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India, New Delhi, 2013.
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING
Objectives
• To learn the principles and procedures of testing of highway materials
Outcomes
• Student knows the techniques to characterize various pavement materials through relevant tests.
BE civil Engineering Subjects – Text books
1. Highway Materials and Pavement Testing, Nem Chand and Bros., Roorkee, Revised Fifth Edition, 2009
2. Methods for testing tar and bituminous materials, IS 1201–1978 to IS 1220– 1978, Bureau of Indian Standards
IRRIGATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING DRAWING
Objectives
• At the end of the semester, the student shall conceive, design and draw the irrigation and environmental engineering structures in detail showing the plan, elevation and Sections.
Outcomes
• The students after completing this course will be able to design and draw various units of Municipal water treatment plants and sewage treatment plants.
BE civil Engineering Subjects – Text books
1. Satya Narayana Murthy Challa, “Water Resources Engineering: Principles and Practice”, New Age International Publishers, New Delhi, 2002.
1. Mohanakrishnan. A, “A few Novel and Interesting Innovative Irrigation Structures: Conceived, Designed and Executed in the Plan Projects in Tamil Nadu”, Publ. No. 44 and Water Resources Development & Management Publ.No.43, IMTI Thuvakudy, Trichy, 2011.
PROFESSIONAL COMMUNICATION
Objectives
The couse aims to,
• Enhance the Employability and Career Skills of students
• Orient the students towards grooming as a professional
• Make them Employable Graduates
• Develop their confidence and help them attend interviews successfully.
Outcomes
At the end of the course Learners will be able to,
• Make effective presentations
• Participate confidently in Group Discussions.
• Attend job interviews and be successful in them.
• Develop adequate Soft Skills required for the workplace
BE civil Engineering Subjects – Text books
1. Butterfield, Jeff Soft Skills for Everyone. Cengage Learning: New Delhi, 2015
2. Interact English Lab Manual for Undergraduate Students,. OrientBalckSwan: Hyderabad,
BE Civil Engineering Subjects-Semester – 7
ESTIMATION, COSTING AND VALUATION ENGINEERING
Objectives
• The students will acquire knowledge in estimation, tender practices, contract procedures, and valuation and will be able to prepare estimates, call for tenders and execute works.
Outcomes
The student will be able to,
• Estimate the quantities for buildings,
• Rate Analysis for all Building works, canals, and Roads and Cost Estimate.
• Understand types of specifications, principles for report preparation, tender notices types.
• Gain knowledge on types of contracts
• Evaluate valuation for building and land.
BE civil Engineering Subjects – Text books
1. B.N Dutta ‘Estimating and Costing in Civil Engineering’, UBS Publishers & Distributors (P) Ltd, 2010.
RAILWAYS, AIRPORTS, DOCKS AND HARBOUR ENGINEERING
Objectives
• To introduce the students about Railways planning, design, construction and maintenance and planning design principles of airport and harbour
Outcomes
Students who successfully complete this course will be able to,
• Understand the methods of route alignment and design elements in Railway Planning and Constructions.
• Understand the Construction techniques and Maintenance of Track laying and Railway stations.
• Gain an insight on the planning and site selection of Airport Planning and design.
• Analyze and design the elements for orientation of runways and passenger facility systems.
• Understand the various features in Harbours and Ports, their construction, coastal protection works and coastal Regulations to be adopted.
BE civil Engineering Subjects – Text books
1. Subramanian K.P., Highways, Railways, Airport and Harbour Engineering, V Scitech Publications (India), Chennai, 2010
2. Venkatramaiah. C., Transportation Engineering-Vol.2 Railways, Airports, Docks and Harbours, Bridges and Tunnels.,Universities Press (India) Private Limited, Hyderabad, 2015.
STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND DRAWING
Objectives
• This course aims at providing students with a solid background on the principles of structural engineering design. Students will be acquire the knowledge of liquid retaining structures, bridges components, retaining wall and industrial structures.
Outcomes
At the end of the course the student will be able to,
• Design and draw reinforced concrete Cantilever and Counterfort Retaining Walls
• Design and draw flat slab as per code provisions
• Design and draw reinforced concrete and steel bridges
• Design and draw reinforced concrete and steel water tanks
• Design and detail the various steel trusses and cantry girders
BE civil Engineering Subjects – Text books
1. Krishnaraju N, Structural Design and Drawing, Universities Press, 2009.
2. Krishnamurthy D,Structural Design and Drawing VolI,IIandIII,CBS Publishers, 2010. 2. Shah V L and Veena Gore,Limit State Design of Steel Structures
CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE PROJECT
Objectives
• To use the knowledge acquired in Civil Engineering to do a mini project, which allows the students to come up with designs, fabrication or algorithms and programs expressing their ideas in a novel way
BE Civil Engineering Subjects-Semester – 8
Subjects in semester 8 are professional electives and final year project.
Lastly, I just want to tell you that the subjects may vary with universities, but same at the core.
There are differences in the civil engineering subjects depending on the universities. But you will have to learn the following civil engineering subjects without any option. Because they decide your knowledge in the realm after you walk out of your college as a civil engineer.
So, let’s jump right on to it.
List of civil engineering subjects
Here, I’m going to list out the core subjects in civil engineering.
Surveying
Structural analysis
Construction technology
Geotechnical engineering
Design of concrete structures
Design of steel structures
Design of hydraulic structures
Transportation engineering
Water resource engineering
Environmental engineering
Quantity surveying and valuation
So, you got the civil engineering subjects list. Now, I am going to explain the importance of the subjects and textbooks you can refer to master at each of them. Civil engineering jobs and career growth after completion of professional course depends on the specialisation in any of the subjects.
1. Surveying
TOTAL STATION
Skills acquired
The subject gives you a deep understanding of how you have to carry out the surveying on field. Also, the principles and the theory behind surveying is explicitly drawn.
Applications
You should thrive to get good marks in the subject if your future plan is to be in the construction industry.
Textbooks that can be referred
Basak, Surveying and levelling
i. Dr. B. C. Punmia, Ashok Kumar Jain, Dr Arun Kuma Jain,Dr. Arun Kumar Jain., Surveying, Laxmi publications
ii. Arora K.R, Surveying, Standard book house
The next subject is related to structural engineering.
2. Structural analysis
Skills acquired
The behavior of different building materials on the structure is analysed with the help of various methods.
Applications
The subject is very important while constructing any structure in the field because the material is chosen based on the total load acting on a structure and matching its behavior with that.
Text books that can be referred
i. Aslam Kassimali., Structural analysis, Cenage Learning
ii. Hibbler., Structural analysis , Pearson Education
3. Construction technology
Skills acquired
A comprehensive study of different building materials and fundamental techniques of construction
Applications
This is a theory subject that will be useful for securing marks for several exams related to civil engineering. And, favorite portion of every interviewers.
Text books that can be referred
i. Rangwala S C., Engineering Materials, Charotar Publishers
ii. Arora and Bindra, Building construction, Dhanpath Rai and Sons
4. Geotechnical engineering
Skills acquired
You get to learn about the fundamentals of soil mechanics principles. Also, it provides knowledge about the properties and testing of soils.
Applications
Understanding the characteristics of soil is essential to decide on the type of foundation and building materials when you work on the field.
Text books that can be referred
i. Arora K. R., Geotechnical Engineering, Standard Publishers, 2006.
ii. Das B. M., Principles of Geotechnical Engineering, Cengage India Pvt. Ltd., 2010
5. Design of concrete structures
Skills acquired
The subject imparts knowledge of the behavior of reinforced concrete structural elements in various conditions. Also, it enables you to design essential elements such as beams, columns, slabs, staircases and footings under several loads.
Applications
This is an important portion for competitive exams such as UPSC, Gate. And its inevitable for everyone looking forward to work in construction sector.
ii. Pillai S.U 7 Menon D- Reinforced Concrete Design, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Co., 2005
6. Water resource engineering
WATER RESOURCE ENGINEERING
Skills acquired
This subject gives a thorough knowledge of the scientific methods for computing irrigation water requirements. And fundamental knowledge on reservoir engineering and river engineering
Applications
This is an important subject for people who plan to work as site engineers at water authority, irrigation department and related realms.
Text books that can be referred
i. Arora, K.R., “Irrigation, Water Power and Water Resource Engineering”, Standard Publishers Distributors, New Delhi, 2009
ii. Garg S.K, Irrigation Engineering and Hydraulic Structures Khanna Publishers New Delhi 2006
7. Design of hydraulic structures
Skills acquired
The subject imparts knowledge regarding the design of various minor irrigation structures and conveys causes of failure, design criteria and stability analysis of different types of dams.
Applications
From the skills acquired, you might have got an idea of where this is beneficial. It’s important for people who plan to work in water resource related departments.
Text books that can be referred
i. Garg S.K, Irrigation Engineering and Hydraulic Structures, Khanna Publishers, 2006
ii. Modi. P.N., Irrigation Water Resources and Water Power Engineering, Standard Book House, 2009
8. Transportation engineering
Skills acquired
The subject envisages to enable the students to have a strong analytical and practical knowledge of geometric design of highways, pavements, efficient management of transportation facilities.
Applications
This is sort of an introduction for students who are interested to pursue research in transportation engineering. The subject can tell you whether you have a liking for this branch of engineering.
Text books that can be referred
i. Kadiyali, L. R., Principles of Highway Engineering, Khanna Publishers, 2001
ii. Khanna, S.K.& Justo E.G., Highway Engineering, Nem Chand & Bros., 2000
9. Design of steel structures
Skills acquired
It introduces the design of structural components subjected to various conditions of loading using steel and timber.
Applications
Important for UPSC exams and those who wish to pursue a career in the construction sector.
Text books that can be referred
i. P. Dayaratnam., Design of Steel Structures, Wheeler Publishing, 2003
ii. Subramanian N, Design of steel structures, Oxford University Press, 2011
10. Environmental engineering
Skills acquired
The subject tells the significance of water resources and the factors affecting the quality and quantity of water. Also, it throws light into the various types of treatment techniques adopted for a public water supply system.
Applications
You will get to know if you like to pursue your higher studies in environmental engineering after learning the subject.
How can you be the best civil engineer? Do you think it’s by mugging up a whole lot of textbooks and mastering the complex concepts, equations, etc.? Well, I agree. But, you can’t spread it out without grasping the basic of civil engineering in depth. Am I making sense?
Then, we are going to start off from the edge of the wave here.
1. General introduction to civil engineering
Did you know that civil engineering is the oldest engineering discipline? Yup. Civil Engineers plan, design, construct and operate the facilities essential to modern life which are bridges, highways, water treatment plant, etc. So, basically they are the problem solvers, right?
This branch of engineering is like a vast sea. Let me introduce you to its main disciples.
2. Fundamental disciples of civil engineering
Building Construction
Advanced Building Construction
Building Planning and Management
Environmental Engineering or Water Supply and Sanitary Engineering
Geotechnical Engineering (Soil Mechanics)
Surveying and Levelling
Structural Engineering
Transportation Engineering
Town Planning
Water Resource Engineering
3. Basic of building planning in civil engineering
Building planning is the process of making the set of drawing paying attention to each detail. We will see the basic features of a building now.
Basic elements of a building
The figure below says it all.
1. Foundation
It is the lowermost part of the building. The building activity starts with digging the ground for foundation and then building it.
2. Plinth
The plinth is the portion of the wall between the ground level and the ground floor level.
3. Walls and columns
The function of walls and columns is to transfer the load of the structure vertically downwards to transfer it to foundation.
4. Sills, lintels and chejjas
A window frame should not be directly placed over masonry. It is placed over 50 mm to 75 mm thick plain concrete course provided over the masonry. This course is called as sill.
Lintels are the R.C.C. or stone beams provided over the door and window openings to transfer the load transversely so as to see that door or window frame is not stressed unduly.
Chejja is the projection given outside the wall to protect doors and windows from the rain.
5. Doors and windows
The function of a door is to give access to different rooms in the building and to deny the access whenever necessary. Windows are provided to get light and ventilation in the building.
6. Floors
They give working/useful area for the occupants.
7. Roofs
Roof is the top most portion of the building which provide top cover to the building
8. Steps, stairs and lifts
Steps give convenient access from ground level to ground floor level.
9. Finishing work
Bottom portion of slab (ceiling), walls and top of floor need smooth finishing with plaster.
10. Building services
Water supply, sanitation and drainage works, electric supply work, and construction of cupboards and showcases constitute major building services.
You have seen each of the elements of a building. And now let’s explore some technical details.
4. Basic of surveying in civil engineering
Surveying is the art of making measurements of objects on, above or beneath the ground to show their relative positions on paper. The relative position required is either horizontal, or vertical, or both.
Fundamental uses of surveying
Fundamental uses of surveying are,
(i) Plans prepared to record property lines of private, public and government lands help in avoiding unnecessary controversies.
(ii) Maps prepared for marking boundaries of countries, states, districts etc., avoid disputes.
(iii) Locality plans help in identifying location of houses and offices in the area.
(iv) Road maps help travellers and tourist.
(v) Topographic maps showing natural features like rivers, streams, hills, forests help in planning irrigation projects and flood control measures.
(vi) For planning and estimating project works like roads, bridges, railways, airports, water supply and waste water disposal surveying is required.
5. Basic of building materials
Stones, bricks, cement, lime and timber are the traditional materials used for civil engineering constructions for several centuries.
1. Stone
Stone is available in the form of rocks, which is cut to the required size and shape and used as a building block. It has been used to construct small residential buildings to large palaces and temples all over the world
2. Brick
Brick is obtained by moulding good clay into a block, which is dried and then burnt. This is the oldest building block to replace stone. Manufacture of brick started with hand moulding, sun drying and burning in clamps.
3. Lime
It is an important binding material used in building construction. Lime has been used as the material of construction from ancient time. When it is mixed with sand it provides lime mortar and when mixed with sand and coarse aggregate, it forms lime concrete.
Cement is a commonly used binding material in the construction. The cement manufacturing is done by burning a mixture of calcareous (calcium) and argillaceous (clay) material at a very high temperature and then grinding the clinker so produced to a fine powder. The Properties of cement makes it a good fit most of the time.
5. Timber
Timber refers to wood used for construction works. It was used as building material even by primitive man.
That’s it.
Feel free to comment if anything more you would like to know.
Eco friendly materials for building are the talk of the hour. We have gone so far that it is almost difficult to make a return to the idea of nature in our lives now. But what if I told you the building in which you spend the main part of your life will help you get there? Yeah, let me share with you some secrets about eco friendly materials that can support you on a journey of new construction.
What wonders eco friendly materials for building can do?
Eco friendly material can solve the issue of building waste that often includes concrete, metals, glass, plastics, wood, asphalt, bricks and more. Not only does this pollute the land and the air, but the transportation required to remove such waste has a major impact on the environment as well.
It cuts down on energy consumption, leading to less use of natural resources that cause climate change warming, such as oil and gas
Use of recycled building materials reduces cost
The good practice can attract clients
Pretty interesting. But having the pros known is not all. The challenge that hindrance us from incorporating them in construction is that environmentally friendly materials might compete with less expensive alternatives. After all, what’s perfect in all facets in the world?
So, shall we get into our business now?
Let’s take an easy trip from the top to bottom of a building and meet significant faces in eco friendly materials for buildings.
1. How to use eco friendly materials for building in foundation
Everything starts here- At the foundation. You can incorporate recycled fly ash in concrete. This reduces the amount of cement needed, thereby decreasing the overall environmental impacts of cement production.
2. How to incorporate eco friendly materials fro building in super structure
Having colored the foundation of green, next we are going to deal with the part that is visible to the world; The Super structure. It has a lot of possibilities to be explored. Using pozzolona materials like fly ash and blast furnace slag in OPC cement can consume the industry wastes and protect the quality of concrete. The inner walls can utilize fly ash bricks, or GFRG or GRFG panels or AAC panels, bricks etc. which are amiable green building products. For false ceiling, Mineral fibre boards or gypsum boards can be used. And remember, MDF and exterior grade formaldehyde free plywood when it comes to the interiors.
Bonus: There is a recent innovation by Nexii Building solutions which is a proprietary material named Nexiite, that is capable of replacing concrete enabling rapid construction of sustainable buildings.
i. Flooring
Being a very fascinating facet in a structure, we often tend to forget about the environmental effects caused by the flooring feature. Here is the chance to vindicate. Rapidly renewable floors like bamboo and cork flooring are good alternatives to hardwood flooring. Recycled-content ceramic tiles are also sustainable materials for flooring.
Recycled-content carpet with Low-VOCs made from recycled plastic bottles, recycled cotton, agricultural by-products such as corn silk saves resources and diverts waste from landfills.
ii. Exterior finish
Now for exterior finish, use sustainable content decking materials like recycled-content decking made from plastic lumber and composite lumber.
In the journey so far, you might have started getting an idea of how vast and needy is the concept of eco friendly materials for building. Let’s go forth…
iii. Walls and ceilings
It’s time we talk about the most attention seeking part of the structure; the walls and ceilings. Cellulose is a highly effective insulation made out of recycled newspaper. Using cellulose insulation reduces air leakage and contributes to a more comfortable and energy-efficient home. Another available option is advanced insulation materials such as recycled cotton that have no added formaldehyde which is harmful to nature.
iv. Windows
Moving on to windows, the eyes of the building, install Low Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC) Window Film on Single-Glazing that can significantly lower the need for additional cooling
v. Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC)
So, how do we make HVAC a good fellow? Solar attic fan is good that removes much of the hot air and reduces the burden on the air conditioning system. A whole house fan uses one-tenth the electricity of an air conditioning unit. Moving large volumes of air achieves indoor comfort at higher temperatures without air conditioning.
Then, another choice is a wall heat pump that has an exterior compressor and an interior air handler that blows conditioned air throughout the home. With this, you can eliminate wall-mounted electric and gas heaters results in greater safety and more energy savings. And the Installation of air conditioning with Non-HCFC Refrigerants is a clever thing to do because it reduces depletion of the ozone layer in case of leakage during replacement.
2. How to add eco friendly building materials in renewable Energy and Roofing
Nature left us an option for all our energy needs. Renewable energy. We can leverage it through a variety of techniques. One of the best methods to incorporate it is through installing Photovoltaic (PV) System. PV panels can be used as a means to decrease reliance on conventional power plants that contribute to air pollution.
3. Eco friendly building materials in Indoor Finishes
Let’s bid bye with the final finishes. Low/No-VOC paint reduces the emissions of VOCs into the home, improving indoor air quality and reducing the formation of urban smog.
Also, use law VOC, Water-Based Wood Finishes. Using low VOC wood finishes that improves indoor air quality, and reduces the formation of urban smog.
Just think about how beautiful it is to live with the lullaby of nature. You would naturally have the mind to opt for eco friendly materials for building, which is the perfect way to create a green home.
When the little kiddo was caged out from her mother’s care to explore the widened garden in the lobby of the home, she yelled in the curious voice “mummy, see the Corona flower, it even got kids with it!” “That’s football flower baby!”
While all of us are living with the humming and chanting of the notorious COVID-19, it’s high time we spoke about its impact on the lifeline of the world, Construction and civil engineering.
Let’s look at the important aspects to reboot ourselves to face the situation gracefully.
Economic uncertainty
Being the second largest provider of blue and white collar jobs, construction sector is the industry that has the worst impact from COVID- 19, after agriculture. According to the COVID- 19 impact and Implementation survey 2020 of ASCE, as of May 26, half of the responding organizations have experienced corona virus related delays in receiving materials from suppliers owing to the disruption in the global supply chains. It’s alarming to note that two large airlines, Delta and United, announced plans to reduce capital investment by $2 billion each as a result of the pandemic’s economic impact.
These shed light into the fact that companies are revising their plans about their capital investment and they are focusing on implementing cost cutting measures into the form of layoffs, increase in working hours which is about a tiresome 12 hours a day and pay cuts.
In the light of the gruesome provisions, government has issued a number of notices and instructions to companies in India not to deduct workers ‘ wages or to refrain from lay-offs or withdrawals during the lock-down period. But we know how unsure when the lock down extension is uncertain.
So how are you going to tackle these?
If a tiny virus that can’t even be seen by eyes can transform the entire universe in its working, then our brains should be given a chance to prove its part. By doing the calculations with investment reduction and changing the business plan and strategies accordingly, we can be robustly prepared to confront that.
Pro-tip: You should also bear in mind the scope of the business insurance policies and if you deserve it, you should get yourself to claim it!
Managing remote work force
This aspect could be a phoenix to rise from all that hinders you from visiting the construction site. But remember we have comprehensive software tools and technical support systems. Let the building site be anywhere in the world. You can use 360 cameras to digitally capture site conditions. This effectively creates a street view of your construction site. All that is required is a mechanism to carry out the survey, so all stakeholders will have access to the site tour staying at home itself. Also, the advent of robotics which offers wide possibilities in 3D printing a building, brick laying and masonry,can even change the fate of the sector. They’re all an asset to the future. Only that, thanks to Corona, it all happened in the blink of an eye.
3. Overall management of safety requirements / regulation
Employee safety is of paramount importance no matter the company’s business status. They should be provided with mandatory safety equipment in good time and should be treated gently to make them comfortable amid the prevailing pandemic. Major government instructions must be strictly applied to construction sites and offices which include:
1. Keeping a safe distance between workers
2. Mandatory hand washing for at least 20 seconds before work begins, after workers remove gloves, before and after the use of shared items such as tools, before and after any restroom breaks, and after shifts end.
3.Temperature checks when the workers arrive on site and when they leave for home
4. Limiting crossover of subcontractors
Customers going out of business
The sustaining epidemic conditions can change the mind of your customer anytime. So you better keep in touch with them through the virtual communications and strengthen the bond by testifying other customer’s success with your service.
Employee morale
It’s not at all worth a big bet that employee morale is directly connected to their productivity. Construction economists say construction loses 975,000 Jobs in April, Because of COVID-19 Impacts. The results of the April 9 survey of ASCE showed a similar statistics. One-quarter of the organizations have furloughed/ laid off/ terminated employees since March 1, 2020. These statistics tell us that boss to the caregiver is a must-have shift in this intense time. There’s no better feeling than that when you feel your job is secure.
6. Troubles in contract period
The reports say that two-thirds of the responding organizations have experienced cancellation or delay of contracts. One out of seven organizations are facing potential contract penalties due to project delays. It implies that you should be well versed in our law to keep your client in peace.
The extra bout: Section 55 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872 (‘Contract Act’) provides for the effect of failure to meet the specified timeline. However, the intention of the parties must be examined, not the letter of the clause.
7. Expectations from government
Though government has taken required measures, it needs to think innovatively to save the sector that has been growing tremendously and contributing considerably to the economy. Even if banks have given moratorium options, they are still adding interest for the months we are not paying. Banks can avoid charging interest for these months when we are not able to pay EMIs. Also, some exemptions in GST will be a great relief. There shall be measures to mitigate impact on micro, small and medium enterprises (MSME) workforce, defer utility and social security payments, enhance access to credit and specific measures for self-employed. There is no better time to usher the commitment and care of the government to the people of the country.
8. Work from home challenges
Every difficulty is an opportunity. The pandemic era is an opportunity to improve digital infrastructure, communication skills, automation and mechanized construction methods that can potentially replace manual intensive labour by machinery. Moving away from the difficulties, you’d better make it a rocking platform to improve all these things about your company.
9. Work- life balance
Suddenly, when your home desk says hi and your office desk misses you, it’s not easy to work normally and then move on to your personal life all of a sudden. A thick line is always to be drawn. A dedicated workspace and schedule can make a perfect balance.
IN NUTSHELL:
Being the second largest provider of blue and white collar jobs, construction sector is the industry that has the worst impact from COVID- 19, after agriculture.
Companies are revising their plans about their capital investment and they are focusing on implementing cost cutting measures into the form of layoffs, increase in working hours which is about a tiresome 12 hours a day and pay cuts.
The pandemic era is an opportunity to improve digital infrastructure, communication skills, automation and mechanized construction techniques.
By embedding navel technologies like 360 cameras, robotic assistance for brick laying , masonry and virtual communication systems, the challenges can be confronted gracefully.
Boss to the caregiver is a must-have shift in this intense time. There’s no better feeling than that when you feel your job is secure. Also employee safety is of paramount importance no matter the company’s business status.
One out of seven organizations are facing potential contract penalties due to project delays. But section 55 of the Indian Contract Act clearly states the relaxations during unpredictable situations.
There shall be measures to mitigate impact on micro, small and medium enterprises workforce, defer utility and social security payments, enhance access to credit and specific measures for self-employed. Some exemptions in GST will be a great relief.
Bonus: Which the following do you find an advantage of COVID- 19, that helped the growth of your company/your work life?
1. It led digital transformation of your company
2. It helped you show gratitude and care to your employees
3. It helped you to explore the world of productivity
vin civilworld 