All posts by Vinod Gopinath

CONCRETE, quality tests on concrete

Vee Bee Consistometer test – Workability of concrete

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Vee Bee Consistometer Test is a reliable laboratory method used to evaluate the workability of concrete, especially for stiff and low-workability mixes where slump test results are not accurate. The Vee Bee Consistometer test for workability of concrete measures the time required for concrete to remould under vibration, providing a clear indication of consistency. In the workability of concrete Vee Bee test, vibration energy replaces gravity-based flow, making it suitable for dry mixes. Understanding the Vee Bee test procedure helps engineers achieve consistent and repeatable results. The Vee Bee Consistency test of concrete is widely used in laboratories and quality control setups and is considered one of the most dependable tests for workability of concrete for controlled assessment of stiff concrete mixes.

This article explains the Vee Bee Consistometer test, its principle, procedure, applications, and importance in accurately assessing the workability of stiff concrete mixes.

Significance of Quality tests on concrete

Quality tests on concrete are essential for ensuring strength, durability, and performance in construction. These tests help engineers assess the workability of fresh concrete and the quality of hardened concrete. Common quality tests on concrete include checks during the production stage (on fresh concrete before placing), tests on hardened concrete specimens, and evaluations performed directly on finished structures. Including tests like the flow table test for concrete ensures reliable results and consistent quality throughout a project.

A construction worker in a safety vest and hard hat examines concrete samples next to a compression testing machine in a lab setting.
A civil engineer in a safety helmet and reflective vest analyzing concrete test specimens in a lab, showcasing the importance of quality control in concrete workability tests.

Quality tests performed on concrete are classified into

  • Production stage quality tests ( On fresh concrete before placing)
  • Hardened stage quality tests ( hardened concrete specimens)
  • Non Destructive tests On structures ( tests done on the structures )

Also read : Aggregate Crushing test – Strength of aggregate

Also read : 9 lab tests of Bitumen for flexible pavements

Production stage quality tests on fresh concrete

Production stage quality tests on fresh concrete are crucial for ensuring the right workability and consistency before placement. These tests help engineers select the best mix for construction and maintain quality control. Key tests include the slump test, compaction factor test, Vee-Bee test, Kelly ball test, and the flow table test for concrete.

This article focuses on the Vee Bee Consistometer test, explaining its procedure, importance, and how it compares with other workability tests like the slump test and compaction factor test.

Vee Bee Consistometer test for workability of concrete

The Vee Bee Consistometer Test is a laboratory test used to determine the workability of concrete, particularly stiff and low-workability mixes. It measures the time required for fresh concrete to remould from a conical shape into a cylindrical shape under controlled vibration. This time, known as the Vee Bee time, indicates concrete consistency. Unlike the slump test, the Vee Bee Consistometer test for workability of concrete is suitable for dry mixes that do not flow easily. Commonly used in quality control, this test helps engineers compare mix designs and ensure uniform concrete performance.

A steel laboratory apparatus used for material testing, featuring a cone-shaped container and a mechanical device for precise measurements.
Vee Bee Consistometer apparatus used for evaluating the workability of concrete in laboratory settings.

Relevant Codes and Standards for Vee Bee Consistometer Test

  • IS 1199 (Part 2): 2018 – Methods of Sampling and Analysis of Concrete – Workability
    Issued by Bureau of Indian Standards.
    This standard covers the Vee Bee Consistometer test, along with slump and compaction factor tests.
  • BS EN 12350-3 – Testing Fresh Concrete – Vebe Test
    Issued by British Standards Institution.
    Widely used in the UK and Europe for stiff concrete workability assessment.
  • DIN 1048 (Part 1) – Testing Concrete – Fresh Concrete Tests
    Issued by DIN.
    Includes the Vebe test for consistency measurement.

Note: These standards ensure uniform testing procedures, repeatable results, and reliable evaluation of low-workability concrete mixes.Relevant IS code

Apparatus used for Vee Bee Consistometer

A blue industrial machine with a funnel and a black container at the center, designed for processing materials.
Vee Bee Consistometer apparatus used to assess the workability of concrete.

The Vee – Bee Consistometer includes of 

  • A vibrator table resting upon elastic supports
  • A metal pot
  • A sheet metal cone, open at both ends
  • A standard iron rod

The dimension of the vibrating table is 380 mm in length, 260 mm in width and height of 305 mm. Also, supporting the table there is a rubber shock absorber. Under the table, there is a vibrator that vibrates electrically.  The dimension of the metal slump cone is 300mm height, 200 mm top diameter and 100 mm bottom diameter. 

A person pouring a scoop of material into a metallic measuring cone on a balance scale, with a blue background.
The Vee Bee Consistometer, essential for evaluating the workability of concrete, particularly in stiff and low-workability mixes.

Test procedure

  • Initially fill the slump cone with four layers of concrete. Each layer should have a height of one – fourth of the cone. 
  • After that tamp each layer 25 times using a standard tamping rod and strike uniformly.
  • Then after placing the final layer, remove the excess concrete on the top of the concrete.
  • Move and place the swivel arm attached to the glass disc on the top of the cone.
  • Now remove the cylindrical cone gradually in the vertical direction and note down the slump.
  • Then switch on the electrical vibrator and allow the concrete to spread. 
  • The time taken by the concrete to spread uniformly is noted using the stop clock.
  • This time is expressed in vee bee seconds.

The time for the concrete to remould is the Vee-Bee seconds. The Vee Bee consistometer is an indirect measure of concrete workability. This method is suitable for concrete whose slump value cannot be determined. ie, for dry mixes. We can get direct result through this method.

Also Read : Soundness test on aggregate

Key Takeaways

  1. The Vee Bee Consistometer Test is designed to assess the workability of stiff concrete mixes.
  2. It measures the time required for concrete to remould under vibration.
  3. Longer Vee Bee time indicates lower workability of concrete.
  4. The test provides more reliable results than slump test for dry mixes.
  5. It is commonly used in laboratory-controlled environments.
  6. The method helps compare different concrete mix designs.
  7. Proper vibration is essential for accurate results.
  8. The test minimizes subjective judgment during workability assessment.
  9. It is standardized under Indian and international codes.
  10. The test is an important part of quality control procedures.
  11. It complements other tests for workability of concrete.
  12. It ensures consistency during concrete production.

Conclusion

The Vee Bee Consistometer Test plays a crucial role in evaluating the workability of concrete, especially for mixes with low water content. By measuring the remoulding time under vibration, the test provides a clear and quantitative indication of concrete consistency. Unlike the slump test, it performs well for stiff mixes where flow is minimal. When conducted according to standard procedures, the test helps engineers maintain uniformity in concrete production and placement. It also supports effective quality control by enabling comparison of different mix proportions. As one of the reliable laboratory-based tests for workability of concrete, the Vee Bee Consistometer Test remains essential for achieving durable and well-performing concrete structures.

CONCRETE, quality tests on concrete

Kelly Ball Test – Workability of Concrete

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Kelly Ball Test is a simple and reliable method used to assess the workability of concrete directly at construction sites. Among the various tests for workability of concrete, this method stands out for its speed. It is also easy to execute on fresh concrete surfaces. The Kelly Ball Test concrete assessment works by measuring penetration depth. This makes it a practical Kelly Ball penetration test for large pours and ready-mix applications. To ensure accurate results, you must follow the standard Kelly Ball Test procedure. This procedure correlates penetration values with concrete consistency. The Kelly Ball Test is simple. It is also suitable for the field. Therefore, it continues to be an effective tool for monitoring concrete quality during placement.

  1. Significance of Quality tests on concrete
  2. Production stage quality tests on fresh concrete
  3. What is Kelly ball test ?
    1. Standard Guidelines
      1. Codes and Standards
    2. Kelly ball test Apparatus as per ASTM C360/C360 M 92
    3. Test Procedure
    4. Results
  4. Advantages – Kelly ball test
  5. Disadvantages of Kelly Ball Test
  6. Key Takeaways
  7. Conclusion

Significance of Quality tests on concrete

Quality tests on concrete are essential for ensuring strength, durability, and performance in construction. These tests help engineers assess the workability of fresh concrete and the quality of hardened concrete. Common quality tests on concrete include checks during the production stage (on fresh concrete before placing), tests on hardened concrete specimens, and evaluations performed directly on finished structures. Including tests like the flow table test for concrete ensures reliable results and consistent quality throughout a project.

Quality tests performed on concrete are classified into

Also read : Bitumen tests – 9 lab tests for bitumen

Production stage quality tests on fresh concrete

This article covers the kelly ball test ,apparatus details, procedure, merits and demerits etc.

A Kelly ball test apparatus placed on a construction site, with blurred machinery and materials in the background.
The Kelly Ball Test apparatus used for assessing the workability of concrete at construction sites.

What is Kelly ball test ?

This simple field method assesses the workability of freshly mixed concrete. In the test, a standard steel ball penetrates the concrete under its own weight, and the penetration depth indicates concrete consistency. Engineers mainly use this test at construction sites to make quick decisions during concrete placement. The Kelly Ball Test helps verify whether the concrete is too stiff or too workable for proper compaction and finishing. Its significance lies in its speed, ease of use, and ability to provide a direct indication of concrete workability without complex equipment.

Standard Guidelines

Standard codes for the Kelly Ball penetration test provide guidance on equipment, testing procedure, and result interpretation. This ensures reliable assessment of concrete workability, especially during on-site quality control.

Codes and Standards

ASTM C360 / C360M 92– Standard Test Method for Ball Penetration in Freshly Mixed Concrete
Issued by ASTM International.
Note: This standard has been withdrawn but is still referenced in technical literature.

AASHTO T 183 – Ball Penetration Test
Issued by AASHTO.
Note: This standard is discontinued and mainly used for historical reference.

Indian Standards (IS Codes)
There is no specific IS code . Workability testing in India is generally covered under IS 1199, issued by Bureau of Indian Standards

Kelly ball test Apparatus as per ASTM C360/C360 M 92

The kelly ball apparatus for measuring the workability of concrete consist of..

  • Meta hemisphere (Ball)
  • Graduated scale
  • Frame
  • Handle

The workability of concrete is decided by the depth of the penetration of metal hemisphere (ball) which will descend under its own weight into the fresh concrete. The Metal hemisphere or ball has 152 mm diameter and 13.6 kg weight. J. W. Kelly (Professor, University of California) had devised the plan of the Kelly ball test afessor, University of California) had devised the plan of the Kelly ball test apparatus. Hence, later on it also came to be known as a ball penetration test. On the top of the apparatus, there is a handle. The graduated scale measures the penetration reading. 

A three-part image illustrating the Kelly Ball Test procedure. The left panel shows the apparatus used for the test, the middle panel features a diagram explaining the components, and the right panel displays a person conducting the on-site test with concrete.
Visual representation of the Kelly Ball Test procedure, showcasing the apparatus, diagram, and on-site testing process for assessing concrete workability.

Test Procedure

  • Place freshly mixed concrete on a level, rigid surface immediately after mixing.
  • Ensure the concrete surface is smooth and free from vibration.
  • Clean the Kelly ball and check that it moves freely along the guide rod.
  • Position the apparatus so the steel ball just touches the concrete surface.
  • Release the ball gently without applying any force.
  • Allow the ball to penetrate under its own weight.
  • Wait until the penetration stabilizes.
  • Read and record the depth of penetration from the graduated scale.
  • Repeat the test at different locations on the concrete surface.
  • Take the average penetration value as the final result.
  • Note: Greater penetration indicates higher workability, while lower penetration indicates stiffer concrete.

Results

The workability of the concrete is the average value of the readings from the penetration.

Advantages – Kelly ball test

Some advantages of this test are

  • Compared to other workability tests kelly ball test is very fast
  • Precise and Accurate results

Disadvantages of Kelly Ball Test

The disadvantages of this test include

  • This test requires a large amount of fresh concrete.
  • The result should not be precise if the size of the aggregate is large.
  • The concrete should be levelled before starting the test.

Key Takeaways

  • This is a simple field method for assessing fresh concrete consistency.
  • It directly measures penetration depth, reflecting the workability of concrete.
  • The test is faster and less operator-dependent than many laboratory methods.
  • Kelly Ball Test concrete assessment is suitable for large pours and flat surfaces.
  • The Kelly Ball penetration test works under the self-weight of the steel ball.
  • Proper surface preparation is essential for reliable results.
  • The procedure must be followed carefully to avoid errors.
  • It is mainly used as a supplementary field check.
  • Results help engineers make quick placement decisions.
  • It complements other tests for workability of concrete used in quality control.

Conclusion

The Kelly Ball Test remains a practical and efficient method for evaluating the workability of concrete under site conditions. By measuring penetration depth, the Kelly Ball penetration test provides a direct indication of concrete consistency during placement. Although not as widely standardized as slump testing, Kelly Ball Test concrete assessment is valuable for large slabs and mass concreting works. When carried out correctly using the recommended Kelly Ball Test procedure, it helps engineers maintain uniform quality and avoid placement issues. Among various tests for workability of concrete, the Kelly Ball Test stands out for its simplicity, speed, and field applicability. Used alongside standard methods, it supports better decision-making and effective on-site concrete quality control.

architectural finishes, Paint

Types of interior paints – Distemper and Emulsion.

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Types of interior paints play a major role in defining the look, durability, and comfort of indoor spaces. Choosing the right option becomes easier when you understand the interior paint types list and how each one performs. Homeowners often compare finishes, which makes knowing the best interior wall paint finishes essential for both aesthetics and maintenance. This guide clearly explains interior paint finishes explained in simple terms, helping you select the right sheen for every room. It also compares water based vs oil based interior paints, highlighting differences in drying time, durability, and ease of use. Since every space has unique needs, understanding interior paint types for different rooms helps achieve better results. With the right knowledge, you can select paints that look good, last longer, and enhance overall interior quality.

Interior paints, as the name suggests is the process of decorating the interior walls of a structure. While thinking of interior painting most people are more concerned about colours, shades, and textures. They never focus on the type of paint to be used for their interiors. The paint types to be used determine the durability, sheen and elegance, and life of the interiors and structures.

Deciding the right interior paint is the first and prime thing to do before going to shades and textures. Each paint type comes with its composition, properties, and functionalities.

This blog is about the types of interior paints that are used extensively in the painting of internal walls.

  1. Best Interior paints types list
  2. Interior paints Types– Distemper
    1. Dry Distemper
    2. Oil Bound Distemper (OBD)
  3. Distemper forms available in market
    1. Acrylic Distemper
    2. Synthetic Distemper
    3. UNO Acrylic Distemper
  4. Best interior wall paint finishes – Emulsion paints
  5. Types of Emulsion Interior Paints
  6. Water based vs oil based interior paints
  7. Advantages of Emulsions
  8. Key Takeaways
  9. Conclusion

Best Interior paints types list

A list of interior paint types helps you understand different paint options, finishes, and applications. This makes it easier to choose durable, stylish, and suitable paints for every room. Selecting the right paint type for interior surfaces is the first step before deciding on colours and textures. The following are the major interior paint types widely used today.

  • Emulsion paint
  • Enamel paint
  • Distemper paint
  • Texture paint
  • Metallic paint

First, we will examine the most commonly used interior paint types, namely distemper and plastic emulsion. Homeowners prefer these paints for interior walls. They apply easily. They remain affordable. They are available in multiple finishes and colours.

A man in protective clothing and a hard hat painting a green wall with a roller in a room.
A professional applies a fresh coat of green emulsion paint to an interior wall, demonstrating the essential role of interior paint types in home decoration.

Interior paints Types– Distemper

Distemper is the oldest type of interior paint. It was traditionally made by mixing water, chalk, and pigments with animal glue or resins as binders. Earlier, it was the most commonly used paint for interior walls, especially in the early 1980s. Over time, distemper has evolved and is now available in different types and improved grades to meet modern interior requirements. People often confuse distemper with whitewash, but distemper delivers far better finish, durability, and performance. Unlike whitewash, which uses a simple lime-based coating, distemper offers better coverage and a longer service life.

Workers apply distemper directly over plastered surfaces without using primer or putty. They must remove it before repainting with modern finishes. It does not serve as a suitable base coat for superior paints.

There are two types of Interior Distemper paints

  • Dry distemper ( water based paint)
  • Oil bound distemper (OBD)

Dry Distemper

Dry distemper is a water-based interior wall paint made from chalk, lime, glue, and water. Painters apply it using a brush, and it provides a better appearance than traditional whitewash. Manufacturers supply dry distemper in powder form, which users mix with water and glue before application. To achieve an even and smooth finish, painters apply a minimum of three coats. This type of distemper creates a rustic or earthy look, making it suitable for ceilings and low-traffic interior areas. However, dry distemper is non-washable and has limited durability. Due to its low cost and simple application, homeowners consider it the most economical interior paint for residential use.

Oil Bound Distemper (OBD)

Oil-bound distemper (OBD) is an improved form of distemper that contains drying oils or varnish, which provide better water resistance. It is available in ready-mix form and can be applied using a brush or roller. When applied in at least three coats, it delivers a smooth matte finish. One of the key advantages of oil-bound distemper is that it is washable, making it more suitable for interior walls. The presence of drying oils improves coverage area and allows the surface to dry within four hours. OBD is affordable, durable, and available in a wide range of colours. It is commonly used on plastered surfaces, brick walls, and ceilings in residential and industrial interiors. Compared to dry distemper, oil-bound distemper offers better durability and performance.

An elderly man in a yellow hard hat painting a wall with a brush while standing next to a can of oil-bound distemper. A wooden ladder is visible in the background.
A painter applying oil bound distemper on a wall, showcasing the practical application of interior painting techniques.

Also read : Marble flooring – Advantages and disadvantages – complete analysis

Also Read : Vitrified tiles vs ceramic tiles – which one do you choose

Also Read : Tiles and marbles – which is best

Distemper forms available in market

Distemper availability in the market includes several improved formulations designed for better performance and finish. Today, distemper paint is commonly available in the following three main forms:

  1. Acrylic distemper
  2. Synthetic distemper
  3. UNO acrylic distemper

Acrylic Distemper

Manufacturers formulate acrylic distemper as a water-based paint using acrylic copolymers, making it an eco-friendly choice for interior walls. It delivers a smooth matte finish and offers better durability than traditional distemper. Painters find it easy to apply, low in odour, and well suited for residential interiors that require affordability with improved performance.

Synthetic Distemper

Synthetic distemper is a water-based, oil-bound interior wall paint designed to offer improved strength and durability. Available in a wide range of ready-made shades, it delivers a consistent and attractive finish. Over time, the oil-bound film hardens, resulting in better washability and longer-lasting performance compared to conventional distemper paints.

UNO Acrylic Distemper

UNO Acrylic Distemper is a cost-effective, water-based acrylic distemper developed for interior wall applications. It offers good washability and durability while maintaining a smooth matte finish. Available in over 950 shades, it provides long-lasting color retention and is ideal for budget-friendly residential painting projects.

Best interior wall paint finishes – Emulsion paints

Emulsion paints use a water-based formulation, produce very low odour, and remain the most preferred choice for interior wall finishes.They provide a smooth appearance, excellent durability, and easy maintenance, making them suitable for residential and commercial interiors.

The main ingredients of emulsion paint include pigments, acrylic or vinyl resins, water as the solvent, and performance-enhancing additives. The acrylic resin is present in an emulsion form and acts as a binder, helping the paint adhere to the wall surface while holding all ingredients together after drying. Pigments provide colour, opacity, and protection against ultraviolet (UV) light.

Emulsion paints are quick-drying, washable, and long-lasting. Most stains can be cleaned using mild detergents without damaging the finish. They emit very low VOCs, making them eco-friendly and safe for indoor use. Unlike oil-based paints, emulsion paints produce minimal odour. For best results, primer and wall putty coats are required before applying the final emulsion paintwalls and minimises the odours which are a part of other oil-based paints. Emulsion paints requires a primer coat and putty coats before applying finish paint.

Plastic emulsion work
Plastic emulsion work

Types of Emulsion Interior Paints

Emulsion paints are commonly called plastic paints, plastic emulsions, or acrylic emulsions. Technically, all interior emulsion paints use a water-based formulation, while plastic emulsion represents a refined type with a higher acrylic binder content. Therefore, while all plastic emulsions are emulsion paints, not all emulsion paints qualify as plastic emulsions.

Plastic emulsion paint is a water-based acrylic wall paint that provides a smooth and uniform finish. Compared to ordinary emulsion paint, plastic emulsion offers better washability, higher durability, and improved stain resistance due to the presence of acrylic resins. These properties make plastic emulsions the most preferred choice for modern interior walls.

Types of Plastic paints are as follows

  • Matte finish plastic emulsion
  • Eggshell finish plastic emulsion
  • Satin finish plastic emulsion
  • Semi-gloss plastic emulsion
  • Gloss plastic emulsion

Matte finish plastic emulsion
Provides a smooth, non-reflective finish that hides surface imperfections well. Ideal for ceilings and low-traffic interior walls requiring a soft, elegant appearance.

Eggshell finish plastic emulsion
Offers a slight sheen with better washability than matte. It suits living rooms and bedrooms where designers need a balanced combination of visual appeal and durability.

Satin finish plastic emulsion
Delivers a silky, pearl-like sheen with good stain resistance. Commonly used in high-traffic areas like hallways for easy maintenance and enhanced durability.

Semi-gloss plastic emulsion
Has noticeable shine and excellent washability. Ideal for kitchens, bathrooms, and areas exposed to moisture or frequent cleaning.

Gloss plastic emulsion
Provides a highly reflective, shiny finish with maximum durability. Best for doors, trims, and feature walls where strong visual impact is desired.

Water based vs oil based interior paints

Choosing between water-based vs oil-based interior paints depends on durability, drying time, finish, and maintenance requirements. Understanding these differences helps in selecting the right paint for walls, woodwork, and frequently used interior surfaces.

Comparison Water based vs oil based interior paints

FeatureWater-Based Interior PaintsOil-Based Interior Paints
BaseWaterOil or solvent
Drying timeDries quicklySlow drying
OdourLow odourStrong odour
VOC levelLow VOC and eco-friendlyHigh VOC
WashabilityGoodExcellent
YellowingDoes not yellowYellows over time
MaintenanceEasyModerate
Typical useInterior walls and ceilingsDoors, trims, and woodwork

Advantages of Emulsions

Homeowners and professionals widely prefer emulsion paints for interior walls. They apply easily and dry quickly. These paints produce low odour. They offer good washability and resist humidity. Emulsion paints emit very low levels of volatile organic compounds (VOCs).

Comparison of Types of interior paints

FeatureEmulsion PaintDistemperEnamel Paint
BaseWater-basedWater-basedOil-based
Drying timeVery fastModerateSlow
OdourVery lowMildStrong
WashabilityExcellentPoorVery good
FinishSmooth and uniformChalkyHard and glossy
VOC emissionVery lowLowHigh
Humidity resistanceHighLowModerate
MaintenanceEasyDifficultModerate
SuitabilityWalls and ceilingsLow-traffic areasWood and metal

 Tiles and marbles – which is best

Key Takeaways

  • Emulsion paints are water-based interior paints that homeowners and professionals widely prefer for walls and ceilings.
  • Plastic emulsion paints contain acrylic binders that improve durability and washability.
  • Compared to distemper, emulsion paints provide a smoother finish and longer life.
  • Types of emulsion interior paints include matte, eggshell, satin, semi-gloss, and gloss finishes.
  • Matte finish emulsion paint hides surface imperfections effectively.
  • Satin and semi-gloss emulsions offer better stain resistance for high-traffic areas.
  • Water-based interior paints dry faster and emit very low VOCs.
  • Oil-based interior paints provide harder finishes but have strong odour and higher VOCs.
  • Emulsion paints require primer and putty for best performance.
  • Overall, acrylic emulsions are easy to maintain and eco-friendly.

Conclusion

Emulsion paints have become the most preferred choice for interior wall finishes. This is due to their performance, safety, and ease of maintenance. Unlike distemper and oil-based paints, water-based interior paints offer quick drying. They also have low odour and minimal VOC emissions. The availability of multiple types of emulsion interior paints, including matte, satin, and gloss finishes, allows flexibility for different rooms and usage conditions. Plastic emulsion paints provide superior washability and durability, making them ideal for modern residential and commercial interiors. When compared to oil-based interior paints, emulsions are more eco-friendly and user-friendly. With proper surface preparation using primer and putty, emulsion paints deliver long-lasting, aesthetically pleasing, and healthy interior environments.

civil engineering, surveying

Chain Surveying Procedure Explained: A Step-by-Step Guide

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Chain Surveying Procedure forms the backbone of basic land measurement techniques used in civil engineering projects. This traditional method relies on linear measurements to establish accurate ground layouts for small and relatively level areas. The chain surveying method is simple, cost-effective, and ideal where high precision instruments are unnecessary. Understanding the procedure of chain surveying helps engineers and students grasp how baseline measurement, ranging, and offsetting work together to map land efficiently. Widely applied as a chain survey in civil engineering, it is especially useful for preliminary surveys and boundary demarcation. The chain surveying advantages include ease of execution, minimal equipment requirements, and suitability for open terrains. This article explains the complete procedure and highlights the practical advantages of chain surveying in a clear and systematic manner.

Chain surveying is a widely popular method of surveying owing to its simplicity. Also, if the analysis is done carefully, it produces reasonably reliable results.

In the previous blog, we had shown you the Principle of Surveying in detail. Today, I will take you through the step by step procedure of conducting a chain survey. Let’s begin by discussing what is chain surveying.

Also read : Total station – Principles and fundamentals

  1. What is chain survey in civil engineering
  2. Chain Surveying Procedure
    1. Chain Surveying Instruments
    2. Detailed Procedure of Chain Surveying
    3. Procedure for chain surveying
  3. Advantages of  Chain Surveying method
  4. Disadvantages of  Chain surveying method
  5. Key Takeaways
  6. Conclusion

What is chain survey in civil engineering

Chain survey in civil engineering is a basic land surveying method used to measure distances directly on the ground using a chain or measuring tape. This technique works best for small, open, and fairly level areas where high precision instruments are not required. The method involves creating a framework of straight lines and taking linear measurements with simple tools. Because of its simplicity and low cost, it is widely used for preliminary surveys, boundary marking, and layout work. Chain surveying helps engineers understand site dimensions accurately and provides a foundation for planning and design in construction projects.

Two men in safety vests measuring land with a long tape in an open field under a clear blue sky.
Two surveyors conducting a chain survey in an open field, accurately measuring distances using a chain.

Chain surveying is a form of surveying that takes only linear measurements in the field; therefore, it is suitable for surveying small areas with clear details and relatively flat terrain. Moreover, the method derives its name from the chain, which is the most commonly used measuring instrument.

Chain Surveying Procedure

Chain Surveying Procedure begins with a systematic approach to measure land using linear distances only. Before starting the actual measurements, proper planning and site inspection are essential; moreover, a clear understanding of the procedure ensures accuracy, efficiency, and reliable survey results, especially for small and level areas.

Before going to the detailed procedure let’s first understand the instruments used in chain surveying.

Chain Surveying Instruments

  1. Chain or Tape
  2. Arrows (Arrows in Surveying).
  3. Pegs.
  4. Offset Rods.
  5. Range Rod (Ranging Rod).
  6. Offset Rods.
  7. Hammer.
A wooden table displaying various tools and materials, including a coiled metal chain, several metal stakes, a plumb bob, a notepad with a pencil, and a ruler.
Essential chain surveying instruments including chains, arrows, and pegs laid out on a table for civil engineering projects.

Also Read : Applications of GPS – 6 Amazing applications unlocked.

Detailed Procedure of Chain Surveying

  • A chain is used by two men to determine the distance between two points, A and B, in chain surveying.
  • The forerunner (leader) is the man who holds the forward end of the chain and pushes it ahead, while the back end man (follower) pulls the chain backward and remains at the starting point.
  • During the procedure of chain surveying, the leader carries a ranging rod and ten arrows to mark each full chain length on the ground.
  • The follower holds the rear chain handle firmly by fixing the knob into the groove of the handle.
  • The follower places the handle near the heel of the foot and drags the chain from the forearm position to bring it perpendicular to the survey line AB.
  • The leader then moves the chain left or right based on signals from the follower until the chain lies exactly on the straight line joining points A and B.
  • When the chain aligns correctly, the leader points the forearm toward the ground and forms two intersecting lines using the ranging rod.
  • The leader then grips the chain handle with both hands and lifts it slightly to ensure it is perfectly horizontal and clear of ground obstacles.
  • After this, the leader places one arrow from the set of ten into the semicircular groove on the outside of the chain handle.
  • The arrows indicate the completion of one full chain length.
  • After placing the arrow, the leader advances forward and pushes the chain ahead.
  • The leader stops at the next arrow position and waits there.
  • The arrow placed in the groove of the chain handle helps keep the handle fixed securely.

Procedure for chain surveying

  • This positioning ensures the handle fits between the legs of the follower and aligns the forearm correctly with the survey line AB.
  • The leader straightens the chain carefully and halts at the correct position.
  • The leader moves the arrow in the same manner as previously described.
  • Before the follower advances, the leader pushes the chain forward, and the follower picks up the arrow placed on the ground.
  • The survey team repeats this measuring process continuously until they reach end point B.
  • At the start of the measurement, the surveyor issues ten arrows to the leader.
  • As the follower picks up each arrow, the total number of arrows in use always remains ten, ensuring accuracy in counting chain lengths.
  • Since the number of arrows transferred represents the number of full chain lengths measured, there is no chance of forgetting the total measured distance.
  • The surveyor determines the total length of the survey line by counting the number of chain lengths indicated by the arrows handed over to the follower.
  • When the follower receives all ten arrows, the surveyor records the covered distance in the field book and communicates it to the leader.
  • If line AB measures less than one full chain, the surveyor measures the remaining distance carefully using chain links.
  • The surveyor reads this partial length directly from the chain and records it accurately in the field book.
  • During distance measurement, the surveyor draws necessary sketches and properly notes all measured values.
  • The follower not only holds the chain but also ensures correct alignment, accuracy, and proper recording.
  • Therefore, experienced and intelligent surveyors should undertake the role of the follower in the chain surveying procedure.
A bundle of metal survey stakes with looped ends.
A collection of surveying pegs used in chain surveying, essential for marking distances.

Advantages of  Chain Surveying method

Chain Survey in Civil Engineering is a fundamental surveying technique used to measure land distances accurately using linear measurements, simple instruments, and systematic procedures for small, level areas; therefore, the main advantages of the chain surveying method are as follows.

  • Simple and easy to understand method
  • Requires minimum and inexpensive equipment
  • Suitable for small and fairly level areas
  • Easy to perform and does not require skilled labor
  • Fieldwork can be completed quickly
  • Calculations are simple and straightforward
  • Errors are easy to detect and rectify
  • Best suited for open areas with clear visibility
  • Ideal for preliminary and reconnaissance surveys
  • Easy recording and plotting of measured data
A person placing a metal stake into the ground while handling a chain on grass.
A surveyor marks a measurement with a chain and arrow during a chain surveying procedure.

Disadvantages of  Chain surveying method

  1. In densely populated areas, a simple chain survey is impossible to perform.
  2. It is time-consuming.
  3. When there are raised points between the areas to be surveyed, the chain survey process becomes more difficult.
  4. While surveying large areas, it is not possible to stretch the chain completely to its full length. The sagging of the chain causes errors in the measurement.

That’s it about Chain Surveying. Hope you found this article insightful.

Key Takeaways

  • Chain Surveying Procedure is a simple and systematic approach for measuring land using linear distances; therefore, it is easy to understand and apply.
  • The chain surveying method, in general, relies on basic instruments such as chains, arrows, and ranging rods.
  • The procedure of chain surveying, moreover, involves alignment, ranging, arrow marking, and proper field booking.
  • Consequently, it is most effective for small, open, and fairly level areas with clear visibility.
  • In chain survey in civil engineering, this method is commonly used for preliminary surveys and boundary measurements.
  • Furthermore, the method is economical and easy to execute with minimal training.
  • The main chain surveying advantages include simplicity, low cost, and ease of error detection.
  • However, accuracy depends on proper alignment and experienced handling.
  • Therefore, it is not suitable for large or obstructed terrains.
  • Finally, proper recording ensures reliable and accurate survey data.

Conclusion

The Chain Surveying Procedure remains one of the most fundamental techniques in land measurement due to its simplicity and practicality. The chain surveying method uses direct linear measurements; therefore, it is ideal for small-scale projects where advanced instruments are unnecessary. By following the correct procedure of chain surveying, surveyors can achieve reliable results with minimal resources. In chain survey in civil engineering, this method plays a crucial role in preliminary surveys, layout planning, and boundary demarcation; moreover, the key advantages of chain surveying include low cost, ease of operation, and straightforward calculations. Although it has limitations in accuracy and terrain suitability, chain surveying continues to be valuable for basic surveying needs and educational purposes in civil engineering.

architectural finishes, Eco- friendly building materials

ALC Panel – Autoclaved lightweight Concrete Panel

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ALC panel construction has become a preferred solution in modern projects where efficiency, durability, and sustainability matter. An autoclaved lightweight concrete panel reduces structural load while still delivering strong and reliable performance. Builders increasingly adopt this system because the ALC panel advantages and uses suit a wide range of applications, from residential buildings to large industrial structures. Key ALC wall panel benefits include fire resistance, thermal insulation, sound control, and faster construction cycles. As one of the most practical lightweight concrete panels, ALC panels are easy to handle, transport, and install on site. When supported by a clear ALC panel installation guide, the system ensures accuracy, safety, and consistent quality.

Lightweight panels are a versatile solution in modern construction, offering easy handling, reduced weight, and enhanced insulation. These lightweight panels provide superior strength-to-weight ratios, making them ideal for both structural and decorative applications. Additionally, they contribute to energy efficiency and sustainability, benefiting green building projects by lowering overall environmental impact.

Autoclaved light weight Concrete panels are used for external and internal non-load bearing walls. They are also used for roofs and floors. These panels are suitable for commercial, industrial, and residential buildings.

  1. AAC panels or Autoclaved Lightweight Concrete panels – Introduction
  2. Significance of Autoclaved Light weight Concrete panel or ALC panel
  3. Technical parameters of ALC panel
  4. Advantages of ALC panel
    1. Thermal insulation
    2. High fire resistance
    3. Acoustic insulation- ALC panel
    4. Water and moisture resistant
    5. Light weight product
    6. Durability and strength
    7. Environmental friendly
    8. Earthquake resistant
    9. Installation process and speed
  5. Conclusion

    AAC panels or Autoclaved Lightweight Concrete panels – Introduction

    ALC panels, or Autoclaved Lightweight Concrete panels, are innovative construction materials known for their durability and insulation properties. These lightweight panels are made from autoclaved lightweight concrete, offering strength while being easier to handle. ALC panels are increasingly popular in modern construction for their efficiency and sustainability.

    In this blog, we will explore everything you need to know about ALC panels. We’ll start by discussing what ALC panels are and how they are made. Then, we’ll delve into the benefits and key features of these lightweight panels, including their durability, insulation, and fire resistance. We’ll explore the various applications of ALC panels in modern construction. We will compare them to traditional concrete and other lightweight materials. Finally, we’ll cover the environmental advantages and cost-effectiveness and future trends of ALC panels. This will help you understand why they are becoming a preferred choice in the building industry.

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    1. AAC panels or Autoclaved Lightweight Concrete panels – Introduction
    2. Significance of Autoclaved Light weight Concrete panel or ALC panel
    3. Technical parameters of ALC panel
    4. Advantages of ALC panel
      1. Thermal insulation
      2. High fire resistance
      3. Acoustic insulation- ALC panel
      4. Water and moisture resistant
      5. Light weight product
      6. Durability and strength
      7. Environmental friendly
      8. Earthquake resistant
      9. Installation process and speed
    5. Conclusion

      Significance of Autoclaved Light weight Concrete panel or ALC panel

      ALC panels are next-generation, a versatile green building material that possesses superior technical and functional advantages. These advantages gave them an upper edge over conventional construction materials to become a favorite walling alternative. ALC panels are designed for non-load bearing walls, load-bearing walls, basement walls, partition walls, floor and roof slabs, etc.
      There is an extraordinary rise in construction expenses due to higher costs of construction materials and the non-availability of construction materials. ALC panels emerged as a superior and green alternative. They effectively address these issues. Additionally, they manage the construction schedules and deliveries.

      Diagram of an ALC panel illustrating its dimensions: 10 ft in length, 600 mm in width, and thickness ranging from 100 to 200 mm.
      Diagram of an ALC panel showcasing its dimensions and specifications for construction applications.

      ALC Panel – Aerated Light weight concrete panels

      Technical parameters of ALC panel

      ALC panels are solid panel systems having insulation properties and are embedded with steel reinforcements. They are suited for load-bearing and non-load-bearing applications. Load-bearing applications are restricted to single-storied or low-rise buildings. The floor and roof panels are usually 10 ft long. They have a standard width of 2 ft with tongue and groove joints. ALC panels are designed in suitable thickness to cater to the loads acting on the components. The technical properties of ALC panels as follows.

      Stack of autoclaved lightweight concrete (ALC) panels, featuring a smooth white surface and marked dimensions, arranged neatly on a construction site.
      Stacked Autoclaved Lightweight Concrete (ALC) panels, designed for modern construction projects.

      ALC Panel – Aerated Light weight concrete panels

      Advantages of ALC panel

      ALC panels are best suited to cater to the present-day challenges of energy efficiency. They provide better fire safety and thermal insulation than any other building material. Let us examine the features and benefits of ALC panels. These advantages make them superior and a preferred choice of wall paneling systems.

      • Thermal insulation
      • High fire resistance
      • Acoustic insulation- ALC panel
      • Water and moisture resistant
      • Light weight product
      • Durability and strength
      • Environmental friendly
      • Earthquake resistant
      • Installation process and speed

      Also Read : AAC block Manufacturing process

      Thermal insulation

      ALC panel got a unique cellular structure that constitutes around 75% to 80% air bubbles. These air bubbles are responsible for their low thermal conductivity. The ALC panels got a k value nine (9) times less than concrete and twice less than bricks. ALC panels got the highest thermal rating of R30 in the industry.
      The low thermal conductivity helps ALC panels in maintaining and retaining indoor temperatures. The indoors will be kept cool during summers and warm in winters. ALC panels can reduce substantial energy loads and thereby generates an energy bill savings of around 25%.

      High fire resistance

      ALC panels got a unique cellular structure. They provide a superior fire rating of around 4hr for a 100 mm thick panel. The melting point of ALC panels is over 1600 degrees Celsius. It is much higher than the typical building temperature of 650 degrees Celsius. ALC panels do not release smoke or toxic gas during a fire incident.

      Acoustic insulation- ALC panel

      ALC panels possess natural sound insulation properties. They can also reduce mechanical vibrations to an extend. Noise insulation of these panels ranges between 40-60Db depending on the thickness of the panels and surface treatments. They can function as sound absorption and a sound resistance material simultaneously, which is not possible with other building materials. A good STC rating of around 44 is ideal. This enables ALC panels to be used in areas designed to have high acoustic performance. Ideal for hotels, hospitals, commercials, and residential uses.

      Water and moisture resistant

      Consists of millions of microscopic cells that resist the capillary flow of water and strongly resists water and moisture. 

      Light weight product

      ALC panels got a density of around 600-650 kg per m3. They are 4 times lighter than concrete and three times that of brick. These lightweight properties can reduce the self-weight. This reduction in self-weight in turn reduces the design loads on foundations. Usage of ALC panels can substantially economize the structure and ease the construction process. The overall saving in structural cost is around 15-20%.

      Durability and strength

      High pressure steam-curing autoclaving process gives ALC panels high strength to weight ratio even higher than M 150 concrete. ALC panels are used with reinforcements to meet load-bearing design requirements like bearing capacity, stiffness, shear resistance, deflection, etc.

      ALC blocks are a preferred choice for all kinds of walls due to their high load-bearing strength. They are used for external and internal walls, load bearing and non-load-bearing walls, basements, and firewalls, etc.
      They can absorb strong impacts, while also being able to withstand harsh weather conditions without cracking. They have a designed life span of 50 to 80 years.

      Environmental friendly

      ALC panels are environment-friendly building products. From the raw material to the production process there is no emission of toxic wastes to the environment. The wastage is minimal and negligible and the entire material is reusable and recyclable. ALC blocks use Energy saving manufacturing process and are LEED-certified and belong to the green building category.

      Earthquake resistant

      Earthquake forces on a structure is proportional to its weight and ALC panels can considerably reduces the weight of the structure. ALC panels have high shear wall strength and capable of resisting lateral loads. ALC panels can withstand wind loads.

      Construction site featuring workers overseeing the installation of autoclaved lightweight concrete (ALC) panels, with a crane positioned to lift the panels.
      Construction workers handling ALC panels at a modern building site, showcasing efficient installation processes.

      Installation process and speed

      ALC panels are manufactured in precise sizes, hence the tolerance in length, height, and width are only +/- 2 mm. The tongue and groove fixing arrangements are fast and easy and uses only thin mortar joints and putty. These thin mortar joints and precise dimensions can eliminate possible cracks and enhances the construction speed. ALC walls are fully cured in 11 hours where as concrete takes 28 days, minimizing cracks due to shrinkage.

      The panel erection is by dry masonry continuous operations and there are no height restrictions like conventional masonry works. Joints are sealed by special adhesives and no curing is required. After installation putty can be applied directly over the surface. The product can be cut and grooved using wood working tools much easier than wooden products. ALC panels can be cut easily, cored, ground, and installed fast and easy. Conduit joints and openings can be made easily in panels.

      Conclusion

      ALC blocks are a kind of porous plate with high performance. They can be a perfect, economic, and green alternative for conventional walling systems. They are easy and fast to install, durable and environmental friendly products. ALC panels got superior thermal conductivity, acoustic properties and fire resistant properties.

      Building materials, CEMENT

      Best Cement of India || Top Cement Companies in India -2025

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      Best cement brands in India is a question that comes up frequently among homeowners, builders, and civil engineers planning durable construction projects. With rapid infrastructure growth and rising quality expectations, choosing the right cement has become more important than ever. Several factors influence this decision, including strength, consistency, durability, and performance under Indian site conditions. Today, many top cement companies in India offer a wide range of products designed for residential, commercial, and infrastructure works. Understanding best cement quality in India helps buyers make informed choices rather than relying only on brand names. People often ask which cement is best in India and look for reliable comparisons among the best cement brands in India. This article answers that question clearly by examining leading cement companies and their performance in 2025.

      Which are the best cement companies in India? Which is the best cement in India? This is the common question every individual should be asking while deciding to go for home construction.

      Cement is the most significant and widely used construction material which forms an integral part of any structure. Cement is the major ingredient of concrete and mortar and the structural stability and life of a structure or building depends on the cement quality.

      1. Significance of cement in construction sector
      2. Which is the best cement brand for your House/Structure?
      3. What is the difference between best cement company and best cement?
      4. Top cement brands in India in terms of Market share
        1. 1.UltraTech – Best cement companies in India
        2. 2.Ambuja Cement – Best cement companies in India
        3. 3.ACC Cements – Best cement companies in India
        4. 4.Shree cements – Best cement companies in India
        5. Dalmia cement
        6. Birla Corporation
        7. India Cements
      5. Ramco cements
      6. Conclusion

      Significance of cement in construction sector

      In large industrial, commercial, and residential projects, contract documents specify the best cement brand in India. They also clearly specify the cement type and list approved vendors. However, for individual home construction, decisions often rely on the engineer or contractor. Even so, homeowners should understand the best cement quality in India. They should also know the available cement types. It is essential for homeowners to identify which cement is best in India for their needs. Basic knowledge of leading brands is important. Understanding applications helps ensure durability, safety, and long-term performance. This is crucial when choosing from the best cement brands in India for residential construction.

      Which is the best cement brand for your House/Structure?

      After China, India is the second-largest cement producer globally. Production is expected to rise to around 453 million tonnes in FY25. It will expand further in FY26 due to strong infrastructure and housing demand. India’s installed cement production capacity is approximately 668–690 million tonnes per annum, with major clusters in South, North, and West India. The sector continues to grow, with planned capacity additions of 150–170 million tonnes by FY28. More than 200 large cement plants operate nationwide, and producers are investing heavily in expansion, sustainability, and efficiency. This article highlights the top 8 best cement companies in India based on production capacity, quality, and market presence in 2025.

      What is the difference between best cement company and best cement?

      The difference between the best cement company and the best cement often creates confusion. In reality, all reputed cement companies manufacture cement in accordance with prescribed Indian standards. Therefore, there is no absolute “best cement” or “best brand.” What mainly distinguishes the best cement companies in India is their production capacity, quality consistency, marketing strength, and wide distribution network. Regional availability plays a key role in cement selection, as a well-distributed brand ensures fresh supply and reliable performance. For most users, the choice of cement depends on local availability, application requirements, and budget rather than brand name alone. Therefore, this article lists leading cement companies based on market share and widespread availability across different regions of India.

      Top cement brands in India in terms of Market share

      As per India Brand Equity Foundation (IFBL) Ultratech stand at first position in terms of market share and Market cap.

      Market share
      Best cement quality in india
      Best cement of India - Data with respect to market cap and Market share
      Best cement of India – Data with respect to market cap and Market share

      Let us go through the details of top cement companies in india in terms of market capitalization and market share

      1.UltraTech – Best cement companies in India

      Ultra Tech is the largest manufacturer of grey cement, white cement, and Ready mix concrete in India. It is the flagship cement company of the Aditya Birla Group. Established in 1983, UltraTech Cement boasts 23 integrated plants. It also operates 1 clinkerisation unit. Additionally, it runs 26 grinding units and 7 bulk terminals. The company manages 1 white cement plant, 2 Wall Care putty plants, and over 100 RMC plants. Ultratech is the third-largest company in the world (Excluding china) and has business operations in UAE, Bahrain, Sri Lanka, and India. Ultra Tech has a consolidated capacity of 116.8 million tonnes per annum (MT PA) of grey cement.

      A bag of UltraTech cement labeled 'OPC 53 GRADE CEMENT' weighing 50 kg, placed in a construction setting with other bags in the background.
      UltraTech 53 Grade Cement bag, known for its high strength and widely used in construction projects.
      • Establishment: 1987 ✅
      • Headquarter: Mumbai ✅
      • Market share: ≈ 26–28%
      • Market Cap (Rs Cr.): ₹3.1–3.3 lakh crore (≈ 30–32%)
      • Production capacity: ≈ 183–185 MTPA

      Ultratech production line includes Ordinary Portland Cement, Portland Blast Furnace Slag Cement, Portland Pozzolana Cement, etc. They are also leading producers of White Cement, Ready Mix Concrete, building products, etc.

      2.Ambuja Cement – Best cement companies in India

      Ambuja cement formerly known as (Gujrat Ambuja Cement Limited ) is the second-largest cement company in India in terms of the Market share. It was founded in 1983 and has their headquarter in Mumbai. Ambuja Cement got five integrated cement manufacturing plants and eight cement grinding units spanning across the country with a production capacity of 29.65 million tonnes per Annum (MT PA).

      All Ambuja Cement plants are ISO 14001 certified. It is also plastic negative, by burning as much as over 75,000 tonnes of plastic waste in its kilns, equivalent to 2.5 times of total plastic used. The company also generated 7.1% of its power needs from renewable resources.

      Ambuja Cement is known for its high strength, high performance Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) and Pozzolana Portland Cement (PPC) and was the first to introduce 53-grade cement in the market.

      Yellow cement bag with Ambuja Cement branding, surrounded by construction materials.
      Ambuja Cement bag showcasing its strong branding and significance in the Indian construction sector.

      Ambuja Cements (Adani Group) – UPDATED

      (Include Ambuja + ACC + acquired assets context)

      • Establishment: 1983 ✅
      • Headquarter: Mumbai ✅
      • Market share: ≈ 10–11% (standalone Ambuja)
      • Market Cap (Rs Cr.): ₹1.2–1.4 lakh crore
      • Production capacity: ≈ 75–80 MTPA
      • 📌 Note: Along with ACC, Adani Cement cluster controls ≈ 14–15% of India’s cement market.

      In 2005, Ambuja Cements (as the company was known then) joined the reputed Holcim Group of Switzerland. Another premier Indian cement company, ACC Limited, also became part of this group. Later, in 2015, Holcim Limited and Lafarge SA came together in a merger of equals to form LafargeHolcim – the new world leader in building materials.

      3.ACC Cements – Best cement companies in India

      It is formerly known as an Associate Cement Company is one of the oldest and leading manufacturers of cement and ready mix concrete. ACC Cement was established in the year 1936 with headquarter in Mumbai and having 17 cement manufacturing units, over 90 ready mix concrete plants etc.

      ACC Cement – UPDATED

      • Establishment: 1936 ✅
      • Headquarter: Mumbai ✅
      • Market share: ≈ 4–5%
      • Market Cap (Rs Cr.): ₹40,000–45,000 crore
      • Production capacity: ≈ 36–38 MTPA
      A bag of ACC Suraksha Power cement displayed at a construction site, with building materials like gravel and wooden beams in the background.
      ACC Suraksha Power: Premium quality cement for robust construction.

      In 2005, ACC became part of the Holcim Group of Switzerland. Subsequently, in 2015, Holcim and Lafarge came together in a merger to form LafargeHolcim – the global leader in building materials and solutions.

      4.Shree cements – Best cement companies in India

      SCL is one of the fast growing cement companies in India. Shree Cement was Incorporated in 1979 by renowned Bangur family based out of Kolkata and first cement plant was established in the year 1985.

      SCL is one of India’s Top five cement producers and among the fastest growing cement companies with an installed capacity of 45 Million Tonnes Per Annum in India and 50-55 MPTA including overseas.

      Shree Cement – UPDATED

      • Establishment: 1979 ✅
      • Headquarter: Kolkata ✅
      • Market share: ≈ 6–7%
      • Market Cap (Rs Cr.): ₹95,000–1,05,000 crore
      • Production capacity: ≈ 50–55 MTPA (India + overseas)
      An assortment of cement bags displayed in a construction environment. The bags include Shree Cement, Bangur Magna, Solid Concrete, Roofon Plus, Powermax, and Rockstrong.
      An array of Bangur cement products showcasing Shree Cement and various concrete options, highlighting quality for construction projects.

      SCPL is known for delivery of good quality products at an affordable price range.

      Dalmia cement

      They are one of India’s pioneering homegrown cement companies established in 1939 having headquarter in Delhi. Dalmia Cement (Bharat) Ltd, which is a 100% subsidiary of Dalmia Bharat Ltd.

      The company has a production capacity of 30.75 MP TA and operates thirteen cement plants and grinding units which are spread across nine states. Dalmia Cement is the only company with at least one plant in each of the four key eastern states of West Bengal, Bihar, Jharkhand, and Odisha.

      A bag of Dalmia cement labeled 'RCF Expert' displayed on a construction site with bags in the background.
      Dalmia Cement bag showcasing the brand’s commitment to quality construction materials.
      • Establishment: 1939 ✅
      • Headquarter: Delhi ✅
      • Market share: ≈ 5–6%
      • Market Cap (Rs Cr.): ₹35,000–40,000 crore
      • Production capacity: ≈ 44–46 MTPA

      Dalmia is the largest manufacturer of slag cement and is a leader in super-speciality cement for oil wells, railway sleepers, and airstrips. These brands are available as Portland Pozzolana Cement, Portland Slag Cement, Composite Cement, and Ordinary Portland Cement in select markets

      Birla Corporation

      Birla Corporation is a flagship company of MP Birla group and got 10 cement plants at various locations and having a production capacity of 15.5 MT PA. Incorporated as Birla Jute Manufacturing Company Limited in 1919 Birla corporation is engaged in the manufacture of cement. They manufacture varieties of cement like Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC), 43 & 53 grades, Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC), fly ash-based PPC, Low Alkali Portland Cement, Portland Slag Cement (PSC), Low Heat Cement and Sulfates Resistant Cement.

      A bag of MP Birla Cement 'Samrat' displayed on a construction site, with gravel piles and wooden planks in the background.
      A bag of MP Birla Cement ‘Samrat’ prominently displayed at a construction site, showcasing its sustainable branding.
      • Establishment: 1946 ✅
      • Headquarter: Chennai ✅
      • Market share: ≈ 2–3%
      • Market Cap (Rs Cr.): ₹7,000–8,000 crore
      • Production capacity: ≈ 14–15 MTPA

      The company acquired 100% shares of Reliance Cement Company Private Limited for a value 4800 crores. The total capacity including acquisition stands at 15.5 MT PA.

      India Cements

      India cements Ltd was founded in the year 1946 by Shri S N N Sankaralinga Iyer and Sri T S Narayanaswami. From a two plant company having a capacity of just 1.3 million tonnes in 1989, India Cements has robustly grown in the last two decades to a total capacity of 15.5 million tonnes per annum. India Cements has now 8 integrated cement plants in Tamil Nadu, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh and Rajasthan and two grinding units, one each in Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra.

      • Establishment: 1946
      • Headquarter: Chennai
      • Market share : 5%
      • Market Cap (Rs Cr.) Rs. 6047Cr. (1.22%)
      • Production capacity : 15.5 MTPA

      Ramco cements

      Ramco Cements Limited is the flagship company of the Ramco Group, a well-known business group of South India. having their head quarters in Chennai. It is eight in the list of top 10 cement company in India

      Various types of Ramco cement bags displayed on a blue background.
      Various types of Ramco Cement products showcased against a vibrant blue background, highlighting their diverse offerings in the Indian cement market.

      The main product of the company is Portland cement, manufactured in eight state-of-the-art production facilities that include Integrated Cement plants and Grinding units with a current total production capacity of 16.45 MTPA. The company is the fifth largest cement producer in the country. 

      • Establishment: 1946 ✅
      • Headquarter: Chennai ✅
      • Market share: ≈ 3–4%
      • Market Cap (Rs Cr.): ₹25,000–28,000 crore
      • Production capacity: ≈ 23–25 MTPA

      Key Takeaways

      • Choosing the best cement brands in India is crucial for durable construction projects due to factors like strength and performance.
      • The article highlights leading cement companies based on market share and production capacity as of 2025.
      • UltraTech and Ambuja Cement rank among the top cement companies in India, with significant market shares and production capacities.
      • The difference between best cement companies and the best cement often lies in production capacity and local availability.
      • Homeowners should prioritize readily available brands with good marketing networks for their construction needs.

      Conclusion

      All cement companies manufacture their products in compliance with Indian Standards (IS) and relevant international standards, ensuring consistent quality and performance. Therefore, there is no single answer to which cement is best in India, as most leading brands meet the required technical specifications. While selecting the best cement brand in India, availability in the local market, logistics, and budget play a major role. The top cement companies in India listed in this article stand out mainly due to their large manufacturing capacity, strong distribution network, and wide regional presence. However, many other best cement brands in India also offer excellent strength, durability, and reliability. Builders and homeowners can confidently choose any standard-compliant cement that is easily available nearby, as best cement quality in India is maintained across reputed manufacturers.